BIOL10140 Animal Diversity - Invertebrates PDF

change images BIOL10140 diversity of life Animal Diversity Invertebrates Dr. Serena Sgarzi Slides from Prof. Tasman Crowe [email protected]  Objectives After this section of the course, you should: appreciate the diversity of animal life understand why an...

change images BIOL10140 diversity of life Animal Diversity Invertebrates Dr. Serena Sgarzi Slides from Prof. Tasman Crowe [email protected]  Objectives After this section of the course, you should: appreciate the diversity of animal life understand why and how animals are classified into groups recognise diagnostic characters of selected groups understand how key evolutionary developments have enabled animals to become more complex.  Course resources lecture slides available on Brightspace course textbook is Campbell Biology – 12th edition specified – will also refer to other texts (in library) also construct a glossary of terms – search UCD library for ‘dictionary of biology’ and use online version (need to be logged in).  DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdom protista Major lineages currently being Land plants Green algae Forams Dinoflagellates reclassified Ciliates Diatoms Red algae Amoebas Cellular slime molds Euglena Trypanosomes Animals Leishmania Fungi Sulfolobus Green nonsulfur bacteria Thermophiles (Mitochondrion) Spirochetes Halophiles Chlamydia COMMON ANCESTOR Green OF ALL sulfur bacteria LIFE Methanobacterium DOMAIN BACTERIA Cyanobacteria DOMAIN (Plastids, including ARCHAEA chloroplasts) From Campbell 10th edition  EUKARYA Land plants Dinoflagellates Green algae Forams Ciliates Diatoms Red algae Amoebas Cellular slime molds Euglena Trypanosomes Animals Leishmania Fungi Grey branches are all kingdoms of “protists” From Campbell 10th edition see 12th edition pg 652 Lectures Lect 3 worms Lect 2 Syndermata sac-shaped bodies Lect 4 molluscs Lect 5 arthropods Lect 1 - unicellular - building up multicellular adapted from Campbell Pg 737 (12th edition) Today’s lecture Syndermata  Protists eukaryotic, extremely diverse most unicellular, some form colonies inhabit aquatic or damp environments variety of methods of nutrition – protists which ingest food are often called Protozoa (‘first animals’) varied forms of movement and reproduction.  Protists eukaryotic, extremely diverse most unicellular, some form colonies inhabit aquatic or damp environments variety of methods of nutrition – protists which ingest food are often called Protozoa (‘first animals’) varied forms of movement and reproduction. Euglena sp. (autotroph & heterotroph)  Some Protistan Clades originally classified by locomotor organs Euglenozoa (Excavata clade) e.g. Trypanosoma sp. flagella Unikonta clade e.g. Amoeba proteus pseudopodia Ciliates (SAR clade) e.g. Paramecium sp. cilia  Unikonta e.g. Amoeba proteus adapted for life at the bottom of ponds or lakes also some marine and parasitic species, incl. cause of amoebic dysentery Amoeboid movement Amoeba are predators  Ciliates locomotor structure = cilia Stentor Paramecium  PROTISTS PORIFERA (sponges) beside the animals EUMETAZOA “true animals” all other animals Building up multi-cellular bodies Lopho- Deutero trochozoa - stomia Porifera Cnidaria Ecdysozoa Bilateria Eumetazoa Ancestral Protist  Porifera Level of organisation - multicellular, but no true tissues = sponges (Phylum Porifera) Not symmetrical Loose federation of relatively unspecialised cells  Porifera “pore-bearers” found in marine and freshwater habitats sessile (=attached) filter food from water drawn through their bodies Sponge body “Sac” - shaped, perforated Osculum with holes (pores) - OSTIA Water is drawn through the ostia’s porocytes into a central cavity - the SPONGOCOEL Water exits via the OSCULUM The structure (Mesohyl) is given by spicules and amoebocytes Sponge cell types transport, structure ‘collar cells’ trap food Protistan cell types inherited by MULTICELLULAR animals Amoeboid Flagellate (“ancestral colonial choanoflagellate”, also sperm cells) Ciliated (in throat, or primary cilia in white blood cells) EUMETAZOA Lopho- Deutero Major trochozoa - stomia Porifera Cnidaria Ecdysozoa branches of the Animal Kingdom Bilateria Multicellular, tissues, Eumetazoa degree of coordination as a whole body Ancestral Protist  Animals can be characterized by ‘body plans’ body symmetry tissues & their origins major divisions of animal kingdom can be defined using these features porifera vs eumetazoa ‘radiata’ vs bilateria see Campbell Chapter 32 (pg 733 in the 12th edition)  Body symmetry oral Radial aboral Bilateral Remember: sponges are asymmetrical  Body symmetry oral Radial aboral dorsal Bilateral posterior anterior ventral Remember: sponges are asymmetrical  Tissues Eumetazoa (true multicellular animals) have tissues Tissue = a group of cells with similar structure and a particular function e.g. muscle tissue contracts to permit movement  What are the origins of tissues? The layers of cells which become tissues are laid down during the embryonic development of the animal - these are called GERM LAYERS  Origin of tissues Embryo starts as a single celled zygote It divides by mitosis - ball of cells  Cells form hollow ball = blastula Cells arch into the cavity, i.e. they invaginate - this process is GASTRULATION - it yields layers of In some animals there are cells = germ two germ layers (as layers above) - such animals are DIPLOBLASTIC.  In most multicellular animals a third layer of cells develops between the outer and inner layer - these are TRIPLOBLASTIC ANIMALS 2 or 3 Germ Layers Thus there are two or three germ layers in the embryos of multicellular animals. These are: - ECTODERM - ENDODERM } - MESODERM The GERM LAYERS become the layers of tissues in the adult animal Ectoderm - covers surface of embryo, gives rise to skin in the adult and in some the nervous system Endoderm - the innermost layer - produces the gut lining and in some the liver and lungs Mesoderm - between ectoderm and endoderm - forms muscles and most organs which lie between the gut and outer body wall Summary Porifera Lopho- Deutero trochozoa - stomia No tissues Porifera Cnidaria Ecdysozoa No symmetry Bilateria Eumetazoa Metazoa Ancestral Protist  Summary “Radiata” Lopho- Deutero trochozoa - stomia diploblastic, Porifera Cnidaria Ecdysozoa radial symmetry e.g. cnidaria Bilateria Eumetazoa Metazoa Ancestral Protist  Summary “Radiata” Lopho- Deutero trochozoa - stomia diploblastic, Porifera Cnidaria Ecdysozoa radial symmetry e.g. cnidaria Bilateria Bilateria triploblastic, bilateral Eumetazoa symmetry Metazoa Ancestral Protist  Further reading Campbell – Chapter 28 Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes - Chapter 32 – Introduction to Animal Diversity & 33 – Invertebrates. for more detail: Brusca and Brusca, Invertebrates Chapter 7. held in UCD main library remember to construct glossary of terms  Sample MCQs Assessments include MCQ questions on animal diversity – from lectures and pracs Sponges belong to which of the following groups? a) Porifera b) Protista c) Cnidaria d) Sporozoa e) Ciliophora The blood parasite indicated by the arrows is a) Paramecium b) Plasmodium c) Trypanosoma d) Amoeba e) Sponge