1st lecture path 23.pdf

Al-Bayan University Pharmacy college 3rd stage Pathophysiology 1st lecture Introduction Dr. Khulood Saadoon Reference to read  Terms used in pathophysiology Pathology: Study of disease(pathos means feeling/Suffering). Pathogenesis: The development of disease...

Al-Bayan University Pharmacy college 3rd stage Pathophysiology 1st lecture Introduction Dr. Khulood Saadoon Reference to read  Terms used in pathophysiology Pathology: Study of disease(pathos means feeling/Suffering). Pathogenesis: The development of disease( disease develops in stages). Pathophysiology: A study of functional changes associated with a specific disease(How the disease affects specific functions of the body).  Health and disease Health is a physical, mental and social well-being. There are many steps and guidelines that we should follow to be healthy. Disease is a deviation from the normal state of homeostasis.( something wrong with bodily functions). Homeostasis is the state of normalcy. There are factors that affect on normality in health such as age, gender, and time variations.  Structure of pathophysiology A-General pathophysiology: Deals with general pathological processes and patho mechanisms ( they are involved in pathogenesis of more than one disease),such as inflammation, fever, hypothermia, shock stress , edema, disturbances of control mechanisms, damage of genetic information B-Special(organ/system) pathophysiology. It is explanation of patho mechanisms involved in functional disturbances of the organs and systems for example Hematological disorders, Cardiovascular disorders, Respiratory disorders, Neurological disorders, GIT disorders, and Renal disorders  Morphological changes The structural alterations in cells or tissues that occur following pathogenetic mechanisms and are important in diagnosis of diseases.. Theses changes are either Macroscopical changes that can be seen by naked eye or Microscopical that can be seen only under microscope.  Disease terminology Etiology: Cause of the disease. Idiopathic: Disease of unknown cause. Iatrogenic : Disease caused by human intervention(treatment). Congenital disease: Diseases occurring at birth. Exacerbation: Period when symptoms and sign increase(flare-up). Remission: Period when symptoms and signs of disease disappeared Convalescences: Stage of recovery after disease. Complications: New secondary or additional problems Prognosis: Possible outcome of disease( recovery, recurrence, death). Therapy: Treatment measures to promote recovery or slow the progress of disease.  Stages and clinical course of the disease Exposure to various risk factors(causative agents). Latency period between exposure and biological onset of disease( not always present). Prodromal phase (onset of disease): this marks the initiation of the cellular morphological changes without any signs and symptoms, following biological onset of disease, it may remain asymptomatic or sub-clincal or may lead clinical stage of disease. Clinical onset of the disease including signs and symptoms. It may be Acute ( short lived with severe manifestations) or Chronic may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course.  Clinical manifestations The presenting signs and symptoms of the disease. Signs: what the doctor sees( objective, measurable) Symptoms: what the patient feels(subjective. They can be local or systemic, local such as redness and swelling and systemic such as fever or high blood pressure. Some conditions are completely asymptomatic( the person does not have any symptoms).Screening tests are valuable in detecting this type of disease such as breast mammograms. Syndrome: Collection of signs and symptoms, often affects more than one organ.  Risk and precipitating factors Risk factors are factors that increase the likelihood of the disease,can be classified into modifiable and non modifiable factors Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed and they increase the chance for developing diseases such as smoking, obesity, and life style. Non modifiable factors that cannot be changed such as genetic, gender, and age. Precipitating factors are factors that cause exacerbation of the disease such as cold weather and exercise increase asthma attacks.  Why pathophysiology important for medical students? 1- It helps them to find answers to important questions related to disease process A) What is the cause of the disease B)What are the mechanisms responsible for the onset, progression, and the recovery of the disease. C)What are the mechanisms responsible for developing symptoms and sign of the diseases. 2- If the doctors are able to understand the cause and the mechanism of the disease, they will able to find the treatment.  Functions of the cell organelles Nucleus: DNA storage Mitochondria: Energy production. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER) : lipid production and detoxification. Rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER): Protein production for export out of the cell. Golgi apparatus: protein modification and export. Peroxisome: lipid destruction( contain oxidative enzymes. Lysosome: Protein destruction. Cell membrane structure Important targets of cell injury Aerobic respiration ATP depletion or decreased synthesis. Cell membranes - plasma membranes, mitochondrial, lysosomal and other organelle membranes. Protein synthesis. Cytoskeleton. Genetic apparatus.