APA 7th Edition Student Research Guidebook PDF

1 APA 7th Edition APA 7th Edition Orientation for NDMU Graduate School Students Gio, Leonora L. Research and Publication Center, Notre Dame of Marbel University Graduate School, Notre...

1 APA 7th Edition APA 7th Edition Orientation for NDMU Graduate School Students Gio, Leonora L. Research and Publication Center, Notre Dame of Marbel University Graduate School, Notre Dame of Marbel University Author’s Note (Author’s Note provides additional information about authors, study registration, data sharing, disclaimers or statements regarding conflicts of interest, and help or funding that supported the research. It also provides a point of contact for interested readers.) DISCLAIMER: The Research and Publication Center (RPC) of NDMU has formulated this undergraduate research guidebook to provide an institutional format for student research papers. The preference for APA 7th Edition as the institutional format does not discount the prominence of other forms in technical writing; it simply intends to be consistent with the use of APA in in-text citations and referencing. The conventional format has transformed into a standardized format, which is why the guidebook patterned the spacing, margin, fonts, page number, indention, sections, headings, and other technicalities of a research paper from the latest APA edition, the APA 7th Edition. The guidebook has modified parts, but the RPC retains the original form in the guidebook to avoid confusion between the original and the modified. The RPC has exerted much effort in compiling the different sources of APA 7th Edition, but human error is always possible. In such case, the RPC requests the users of this guidebook to report the errors to the RPC office, then present the correct version of the error/s with its corresponding acceptable details of the source or reference. RPC should not be liable if the user of this guidebook has produced a research paper whose format is different from the prescribed format of APA 7th Edition introduced herein. RPC has no responsibility to impose on students the total adoption of APA 7th Edition on their research paper. 2 APA 7th Edition I. GENERAL GUIDELINES of APA 7th Edition Spacing - Entire document should be double-spaced on standard-size paper (8.5 inches X 11 inches); - No extra spaces between paragraphs; - One (1) space after a period at the end of a sentence. Margin - 1-inch margin on all sides - For hardbound copy, modify the margin into: 1.5 inches margin on the left side and 1-inch margin on top, bottom, and right sides - Align Text Left Permitted Fonts - Times New Roman (12-point) - Preferred institutional font style Page Number - Pages are numbered consecutively throughout the paper starting with page 1 on the Title Page; - Page numbers are in the upper right corner, flush right Indention - Each paragraph begins with ½-inch indention Major Section A. Title Page B. Abstract C. Preliminaries (modified section) - Approval Sheet - Certificate of Authentic Authorship - Acknowledgment/Dedication - Table of Contents - List of Tables - List of Figures - List of Appendices (if 5 and more appendices) - List of Acronyms (if 5 and more unfamiliar acronyms) D. Main Body (Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion) E. References F. Appendices (if less than 5 appendices) - To include certificates of language editing and technical editing II. MAJOR SECTIONS OF APA Paper A. Title Page 1. Title – It has to be brief, concise, and clear. Drop any words that are not useful (e.g., ‘a study of…’). Do not include any abbreviation in the title. ∙ Centered, uppercase and lowercase letters, positioned in the upper half of the page, and in inverted pyramid for titles with more than one (1) line. 2. Name of Author/s: ∙ Preferred form: first name, middle initial/s, and last name; centered, double-spaced below the title 3. Institutional affiliation – location of the author/s when the research was conducted 4. Course Name – centered, double-spaced below institutional affiliation 5. Research Adviser – centered, double-spaced below course name 6. Completion Date – centered, double-space below instructor name  3 APA 7th Edition Figure 1 Sample Format of NDMU Cover Page 1-inch margin 2 cm. X 3 cm. 0 space JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY ⮚Times New Roman #12 City of Koronadal, South Cotabato ⮚Single space CASH, CREDIT, INVENTORY, AND DEBT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON THE SURVIVABILITY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN SOUTH COTABATO ⮚Bold ⮚Upper cases ⮚Times New Roman #16 ⮚Spacing: 1.3/1.5 lines A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the ⮚Position: Inverted College of Business Administration pyramid for titles more than 1 line In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Accountancy ⮚Times New Roman #14 ⮚Spacing: 1.3/1.5 lines Erika V. Aranzado Amanda Jane P. Inoceto Lady Angelie D. Montaño Angela Camille E. Muega Equal spaces in between parts December 2022 1 inch margin  4 th APA 7 Edition Figure 2 Sample Format of APA Title Page (7th Edition)Every page has a page number in the header - No Running Head (Research Title) for student paper; - With Running Head (first two/few words of the Research Title) for 1 Professional paper or paper for publication Cash, Credit, Inventory, and Debt Management Practices on the Survivability of Small and Medium Enterprises in South Cotabato Title in bold, Upper-low of the Major Words Erika V. Aranzado One blank double-spa Amanda Jane P. Inoceto line under title. Lady Angelie D. Montaño - Student Name/s Angela Camille E. Muega - Institution - Degree Notre Dame of Marbel University - Research Adviser - Due Date (month & Bachelor of Science in Accountancy All on separate lines Michelle F. Capistrano, CPA, MBA December 2022 Entire document should be double-spaced  5 APA 7th Edition B. Abstract The abstract is a brief summary of the content of the paper; it should contain at least the research topic, research questions, participants, method, results (main), and conclusions. One may also include possible implications of the research paper. ∙ Place the Abstract on a page of its own (page 2) after the title page. ∙ Center the word ‘Abstract’ on the first line of the abstract page. ∙ Do not indent the first line of the paragraph; use single paragraph, double-spaced, and typically not more than 250 words. ∙ Indent and type the word Keywords: (italicized and bold), and list the keywords of the research paper. No period at the end of the last listed word. The listed keywords will help researchers find the work in databases. Figure 3 Format of APA Abstract  Page number Level 1 heading 2 Abstract The study identified the relationship of cash, credit, inventory, and debt management practices with the survivability of newly established small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in South Cotabato. The study utilized the stratified sampling technique in selecting its respondents. The statistical treatments used were frequency and percentage, mean, Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA). Results showed that the newly established SMEs were mostly owned by sole proprietors, small in size, and engaged in retail and wholesale. Cash management practices, particularly cash flows, cash budgeting, and cash control were always practiced while in terms of credit management practices, receivable turnover, credit policy, and credit appraisal were found to be sometimes practiced. Relative to inventory management practices, inventory turnover, inventory budgeting, and review of inventory level were always practiced. Similarly, debt management practices, particularly accounts payable turnover, current ratio, and payment controls were always practiced. Moreover, results of the study revealed that the newly established SMEs have a very high survivability in terms of financial and operational aspects and high survivability in terms of marketing aspects. All four variables - cash, credit, inventory, and debt management practices were significantly related with the level of survivability of the SMEs. Among these variables, cash management practices, credit management practices, and debt management practices influenced the level of survivability of newly established SMEs. Keywords: newly established SMEs, cash management practices, credit management practices, inventor management practices, debt management practices, level of survivability ⮚ First letter of the first word ⮚ Indent Heading is not capitalized. ⮚ Bold and Italic ⮚ No period at the last word 6 APA 7th Edition C. Main Body Organize the body of your manuscript with HEADINGS to distinguish between main sections and sub-sections. Each section (Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion) starts with Level-1 Heading. APA Headings (Five Levels) LEVEL FORMAT 1 Centered, Bold, Capitalize Major Words Text begins as a new indented paragraph. 2 Left Aligned, Bold, Capitalize Major Words Text begins as a new indented paragraph.  3 Left Aligned, Bold Italic, Capitalize Major Words Text begins as a new indented paragraph. 4 Indented, Bold, Capitalize Major Words. After a period, text begins on the same line and continues. 5 Indented, Bold Italic, Capitalize Major Words. After a period, text begins on the same line and continues. Note: Since this manual is patterned from the APA 7th Edition publication manual, all major sections (Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion) of the research paper shall substantially contain sub-sections of the research paper, such as: Major Section Sub-sections Introduction - Background - (hidden) (For student - Review of Related Literature - (in thematic/topical research: form) - Theoretical Consideration/s - (related theories) - ‘Introduction’ may be used as the title Conceptual Framework - (for inferential studies only) - of the first section of Statement of the Problem - (in interrogative form)/ the Objectives of the Study – (in declarative form) paper. - Hypothesis/es - (Ho/Ha or both – a collegiate For publication decision) - Significance of the Study paper: full title of - Scope and Limitations the research article is - Definition of Terms: Operational Definition and/or used as the title of Conceptual Definition of Terms - (must have a the first section) source) Method Research Design, Locale, Respondents/Participants, Sampling Size and Sampling Technique, Research Instrument, Data Gathering Procedure, and Statistical Tool/Treatment Results Tables and Figures (with narratives of results; no interpretation and analysis, just present the data/significant results). Discussion Narratives of interpretation and analysis of Results, Conclusion, and Recommendations 7 APA 7th Edition Level 1 Heading (A main section) Introduction This first section of the research paper (Introduction) is presented on a new page. It spells out the peculiarity of the situation or research problem that the researcher is interested in investigating. It should build up into focus the main question or the research problem at hand, on how the research problem came about. It is written from general to specific as it relates to the topic and study. The last sentence or  paragraph is a clear statement of the research paper's purpose and what was found. Level 2 Heading (all sub-sections of Level 1 Heading are formatted in Level 2) Review of Related Literature This contains the literature relevant to the study. It is a brief summary of the findings of pertinent previous research on the problem and the status of current research; the additional knowledge needed to which the project is expected to contribute. This review should be done to put together materials for the formulation of the theoretical and/or conceptual framework that is best illustrated by a diagram which shows the relationships of all the study variables. All literatures should be properly cited and may be arranged in thematic or topical form; they should be aligned with the main statements of the problem of the study. Theoretical Considerations/Framework It contains the theories the study is anchored on. It also provides scientific justification for the investigation: it shows that the research is not just coming ‘out of the blue’, but that it is both grounded in and based on scientific theory (Vinz, 2017). Conceptual Framework It represents the researcher’s synthesis of literature on how to explain a phenomenon. It maps out the actions required in the course of the study given his previous knowledge of other researchers’ point of view and his observations on the subject of research. In other words, the conceptual framework is the researcher’s understanding of how the particular variables in his study connect with one another. Thus, it identifies the variables required in the research investigation. It is the researcher’s “map” in pursuing the investigation (Regoniel, 2015). Statement of the Problem The section enumerates all the specific questions to be answered, descriptions or comparisons to be made, or associations and relationships to be tested. It is ideally formulated in question form. Hypothesis/es Hypotheses are the statements that are usually submitted to actual testing of an inferential study. They are the statements made which the data collection will have to prove or disprove. This section contains the null and/or alternative hypothesis/es. 8 APA 7th Edition Significance of the Study This section presents the reasons for doing the work, stated as the needs the research will fill and why the work should be done now. It could also deal with defining the contributions that the research findings can give to its end-users, agency, or even the nation that are going to make use of the research findings. Scope and Limitations This part should contain the restrictions of the study such as the number or participants, location, and other areas that might have an influence on the result of the study. Definition of Terms  Research concepts/ terms/ variables used in the study need to be operationally/conceptually defined. The researcher must find ways of translating concepts/variables into observable events/indicators to make them researchable. Workable definitions must be adequate and relative to the purpose of the study. Level 1 Heading Method The Method section is not presented on a new page, but flows from the end of the Introduction. It describes exactly how the study was conducted, with sufficient detail that another researcher could repeat the study. The plans and methods should correspond to the objectives of the research study. It is divided into a number of subsections (these will vary depending on the type of study being conducted, and the information needed to describe the study). Level 2 Headings Research Design This part contains a brief description of the research design used in the study. The research design must be appropriate to the requirements of the research problem, whether it will require an experimental or non-experimental design. Setting / Locale This contains the location where the data were collected, and a brief description of the said area. It also provides the details of the obtained ethics approval. Respondents / Participants This section contains the brief description of the subjects or respondents/participants included in the study. They are the persons who are interviewed in the research or institutions as the focus of the study. Studies involving humans should report the major demographic characteristics of the sample (age, sex, race, education level, etc.) giving both numbers and percentages of subjects in each category (e.g. males, females), and mean and standard deviations for continuous variables. Should a particular demographic characteristic happen to be an experimental variable, it should 9 APA 7th Edition be discussed in detail. When animals are the subjects, the genus, species, and strain number, or other specific identification should be reported. Other physiological conditions might be included and essential details of their treatment and handling should be specified so that the investigation can be successfully replicated. The heading ‘Respondent’ is used for quantitative research, while the heading ‘Participant’ is used for a qualitative research. Sample Size / Sampling Techniques This section provides the details of how the participants were selected and the type of sampling method used (the manner in which they are to be chosen must follow certain sampling procedures), which may be probability or non-probability depending on the design of the study. The total sample size must be determined in relation to the total population, and what percentage of those invited actually agreed to participate. The intended sample size should be mentioned, and whether the actual sample differed from this. Provide the details of how the  intended sample size was determined. Research Instrument The data gathering instruments used should be described in this area. They contain all the questions that will be asked of the study respondents. The use of other types of instruments may depend on the design of the study – quantitative or qualitative type. The research instrument to be used in getting the data may be a questionnaire or an interview schedule. The tools in data collection must be appropriate to the data collection techniques that the study may require. In a study involving a laboratory experiment, the equipment used would be described under the heading ‘Apparatus’. The tools that measure the dependent variable should also be described. If a survey or questionnaire design was used, the scales or questionnaire should be described under the heading ‘Materials’. The scoring table and a description of each part of the questionnaire should be included. Details of the reliability and validity of the scales along with the Cronbach alpha values obtained in the current study, would be reported. Data Gathering Procedure This section contains an outline of each step in the implementation of the study. It includes instruction to the participants and other experimental manipulations. Data Analysis This section includes the statistical methods used in the study. Level 1 Heading Results The Results section is all about simply providing the data of the study. This section is often the shortest part of the paper, and in most cases, the most clinical. Do not include any subjective interpretation of the results. Simply relay the data in the most objective and straightforward way 10 th APA 7 Edition possible. You can then provide your own analysis of what these results mean in the Discussion section of your paper. The goal of this section is to report the results without any type of subjective interpretation. It summarizes the collected data and the performed statistical analyses. Writing a Result Section Cherry (2017) suggested the following tips: 1. The Results Should Justify the Claims ∙ Report data in order to sufficiently justify the conclusions. 2. Do Not Omit Relevant Findings ∙ Be sure to mention all relevant information. If the hypothesis expected more statistically significant results, do not omit the findings if they failed to support the predictions. 3. Summarize the Results ∙ Do not include the raw data in the results section. If you choose, you can create a supplemental online archive where other researchers can access the raw data if they choose to do so.  4. Include Tables and Figures ∙ The results section should include both text and illustrations. Structure the results section around tables or figures that summarize the results of the statistical analysis. In many cases, the easiest way to accomplish this is to first create the tables and figures and then organize them in a logical way. Next, write the summary text to support the illustrative materials. ∙ Do not include tables and figures if you are not going to talk about them in the body text of your results section. ∙ Do not present the same data twice in the illustrative materials. If some data were already presented in a table, do not present them again in a figure. If the data were already presented in a figure, do not present them again in a table. 5. Report the Statistical Findings ∙ Always assume that the readers have a solid understanding of statistical concepts. There's no need to explain what a t-test is or how a one-way ANOVA works; just report the results. ∙ When reporting the results of statistical analyses, there is a need to include the name of the test (e.g., independent samples t-test), the value obtained, the degrees of freedom, the probability level, the effect size and the direction of the effect (e.g., Were males higher or lower than females?). Where appropriate, report the mean, standard deviation, and number of subjects for each group. Use of Tables and Figures Use Tables and Figures to help describe the results, especially when there are lots of data to report, such as means and standard deviations. Tables are any graphic that uses a row and column structure to organize information, whereas figures include any illustration or image other than a table. 11 th APA 7 Edition Figure 4 Table Format Level 3 Heading  (a sub-section of Level 2 Heading) Page Number 54 Summary of Overall Means of Cash Management Practices Table 14 presents the summary of overall means of the newly established SMEs’ extent of cash management practices. All of the practices under cash management were ‘always practiced’ by newly established SMEs. Results show that cash flow as one of the indicators of cash management practices had the highest overall mean score of 4.46, followed by the ‘cash control’ (4.41) and ‘cash budgeting’ (4.31) both described as ‘always practiced’. As a whole, the overall extent of cash management practices of the Table Num (Bold) newly established SMEs, considering the three variables was 4.38, described as ‘always - practiced’. - Left-al Table 14 Summary of the Overall Extent of Newly Established SMEs’ Cash Management Practices Cash Management PracticesMean Description 1. Cash Flow 4.46 Always Practiced preferred 2. Cash Control 4.38 Always Practiced Do not u 3. Cash Budgeting 4.31 Always Practiced Overall Mean 4.38 Always Practiced Table Title (Italic) Double-spaced Limited borders  vertical borders to separate data. An excerpt from the study conducted by Aranzado et al., 2022. Note: See Appendix C (p.82) for details. 12 APA 7th Edition Figure 5 Title (Italic) Figure Format Figure Number (Bold) Figure - Double-spaced - Left-aligned Figure 1 Sample Figure Title A generic example of a figure formatted in APA 7 style. Source: Purdue Owl (2021) Note: See Appendix C (p.86) for details. Institutional Guide in Presenting the Text and Table/Figures ∙ Text is presented first before the Table/Figure illustration. Table/Figure is placed alongside with its Texts. Use ‘single quote’ to highlight the results (ex. The respondents were ‘highly satisfied’ with the services of the institution.). ∙ Text should indicate the number of the table/figure it is referring to, rather than to simply specify the location of the table/figure in one of the pages of the research paper. ⮚ Incorrect: “The Table/Figure above/below shows that…” “The Table/Figure shown on the preceding/succeeding page shows…” ⮚ Correct: “Table 1/Figure1 shows that...” ∙ Do not cut the Table/Figure illustration. For huge Table/Figure illustration, the following techniques may be adopted: ⮚ Font size and/or spacing of the Table/Figure may be reduced, but must ensure readability. ⮚ Table/Figure may be inserted at the middle of the text appropriately. But, cite the corresponding Table/Figure number at the end of the last sentence. ⮚ If the table occupies more than a page, it can be continued to the next page which should bear the same table number and title with enclosed quote: (…continuation) in italicized smaller font size. 13 APA 7th Edition Level 1 Heading Discussion The Discussion Section involves a summary of the main findings of the study, followed by the interpretation of the Results in light of the literature review presented in the Introduction. In this section, there is a need to examine, interpret, qualify the results, and draw inferences and conclusions from them. ∙ At the start of the Discussion Section, indicate whether the original hypotheses were supported or not. ∙ Compare the results with previous research and suggest reasons for any difference found. Highlight any sources of potential bias or confounding variables, any issues relating to the measurement of the variables, or the effectiveness of any experimental manipulation. ∙ Limitations or weaknesses of the study should be identified and discussed. In particular, consider the generalizability of the findings to other groups and contexts and any factors relating to the sample or study design that may impact this. ∙ Consider the broader implications (theoretical, clinical, and practical) of the findings and make suggestions for future research (Pallant, 2009). Driscoll and Kasztalska (2013) added some tips for writing the discussion section. ∙ Begin by providing an interpretation of the results: what is it that you have learned from your research? ∙ Discuss each hypothesis or research question in more depth. ∙ Do not repeat what have already been said in the results—instead, focus on adding new information and broadening the perspective of the results to the reader. ∙ Discuss how the results compare to previous findings in the literature. If there are differences, discuss why you think these differences exist and what they could mean. ∙ Briefly consider the study's limitations, but do not dwell on its flaws. ∙ Consider also what new questions the study raises, what questions the study was not able to answer, and what avenues the future research could take in this area.  Conclusion Walden University (2021) cited that: “Conclusion is an important part of the paper; it provides closure for the reader while reminding the reader of the contents and importance of the paper. It is accomplished by stepping back from the specifics in order to view the bigger picture of the document. In other words, it is reminding the reader of the main argument. For most course papers, it is usually one paragraph that simply and succinctly restates the main ideas and arguments, pulling everything together to help clarify the research of the paper. A conclusion does not introduce new ideas; instead, it should clarify the intent and importance of the paper. It can also suggest possible future research on the topic.” 14 APA 7th Edition Checklist for Writing a Conclusion 1. Is the research of the paper accurately restated here (but not repeated verbatim)? It is important to remind the reader of the research of the paper so he is reminded of the argument and solutions you proposed. 2. Are the main points of the paper addressed and pulled together? Think of the main points as puzzle pieces, and the conclusion is where they all fit together to create a bigger picture. The reader should walk away with the bigger picture in mind. 3. Do you remind the reader of the importance of the topic? Make sure that the paper places its findings in the context of real social change. 4. Is there a sense of closure? Make sure the reader has a distinct sense that the paper has come to an end. It is important to not leave the reader hanging. (You don’t want her to have flip-the-page syndrome, where the reader turns the page, expecting the paper to continue. The paper should naturally come to an end.) 5. Do you avoid presenting new information? No new ideas should be introduced in the conclusion. It is simply a review of the material that is already present in the paper. The only new idea would be the suggestion of a direction for future research. Conclusion (Example)  As addressed in the analysis of recent research, the advantages of a later starting time for high school students significantly outweigh the disadvantages. A later starting time would allow teens more time to sleep--something that is important for their physical and mental health-- and ultimately improve their academic performance and behavior. The added transportation costs that result from this change can be absorbed through energy savings. The beneficial effects on the students’ academic performance and behavior validate this decision, but its effect on student motivation is still unknown. I would encourage an in-depth look at the reactions of students to such a change. This sort of study would help determine the actual effects of a later start time on the time management and sleeping habits of students. Note: Avoid starting your conclusion with phrases like “In conclusion” or “To conclude,” as this can come across as too obvious and make your writing seem unsophisticated. The content and placement of your conclusion should make its function clear without the need for additional sign posting. 15 APA 7th Edition Recommendations Few Tips in Giving Appropriate Recommendations: 1. Recommendations in the research paper should be the objective of the research. ⮚ Therefore, at least one of the objectives of your paper is to provide recommendations to the parties associated or the parties that will benefit from your research. For example, to encourage higher employee engagement, Human Resource (HR) department should make strategies that invest in the well-being of employees. Additionally, the HR department should also collect regular feedback through online surveys. 2. Recommendations in the research paper should come from your review and analysis. ⮚ For example, it was observed that coaches interviewed who were associated with the club were working with the club in the past 2-3 years only. This shows that the attrition rate of coaches is high and therefore clubs should work on reducing the turnover of coaches. 3. Recommendations in the research paper should also come from the data you have analyzed. ⮚ For example, the research found that people over 65 years of age are at greater risk of social isolation. Therefore, it is recommended that policies that are made for combating social isolation should target this specific group. 4. Recommendations in the research paper should also come from observation. ⮚ For example, it is observed that Lenovo’s income is stable, and gross revenue has displayed a negative turn. Therefore the company should analyze its marketing and branding strategy. 5. Recommendations in the research paper should be written in the order of priority. ⮚ The most important recommendations for decision-makers should come first. However, if the recommendations are of equal importance, then it should come in the sequence in which the topic is approached in the research.  6. Recommendations in a research paper if associated with different categories, should be categorized. ⮚ For example, if you have separate recommendations for policymakers, educators, and administrators, then you can categorize the recommendations. 7. Recommendations in the research paper should come purely from your research. ⮚ For example, if you have written a research on the impact of HR strategies on motivation. However, nowhere you have discussed Reward and recognition. Then you should not give recommendations for using rewards and recognition measures to boost employee motivation. Using bullet points offers better clarity rather than using long paragraphs. For example, in this paragraph “It is recommended that Britannia Biscuit should launch and promote sugar-free options apart from the existing product range. Promotion efforts should be directed at creating a fresh and healthy image. A campaign that conveys a sense of health and vitality to the consumer while enjoying biscuit is recommended” can be written as: ∙ The company should launch and promote sugar-free options ∙ The company should work towards creating a fresh and healthy image ∙ The company should run a campaign to convey its healthy image The inclusion of an action plan along with recommendation adds more weightage to your recommendation. Recommendations should be clear and concise and written using actionable 16 th APA 7 Edition words. Recommendations should display a solution-oriented approach and in some cases should highlight the scope for further research (University of Mississippi, n.d.). George (2023) emphasized that Recommendations for Future Research should be: ∙ Concrete and specific ∙ Supported with a clear rationale ∙ Directly connected to your research Overall, strive to highlight ways other researchers can reproduce or replicate your results to draw further conclusions, and suggest different directions that future research can take, if applicable. Relatedly, when making these recommendations, avoid: ∙ Undermining your own work, but rather offer suggestions on how future studies can build upon it ∙ Suggesting recommendations actually needed to complete your argument, but rather ensure that your research stands alone on its own merits ∙ Using recommendations as a place for self-criticism, but rather as a natural extension point for your work Building Research Recommendation There are many different ways to frame recommendations, but the easiest is perhaps to follow the formula of: Research Question – Conclusion – Recommendation. Here’s an example: ∙ Research Question How can teachers at your local preschool ensure that social skills that contribute to maintaining peer relationships are promoted in children aged 1 to 4? ∙ Conclusion An important condition for controlling many social skills is mastering language. If children have a better command of language, they can express themselves better and are better able to understand their peers. Opportunities to practice social skills are thus dependent on the development of language skills. ∙ Recommendation The investigation revealed that mastering language is an important prerequisite for mastering social skills. On this basis, future research should examine the ability of language development programs to expand the language skills of children aged 1 to 4. 17 th APA 7 Edition D. References Basic Rules: The Reference List provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source cited in the body of the paper. Each source cited in the paper must appear in the reference list; likewise, each entry in the list must be cited in the text. ∙ The references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" in bold, centered at the top of the page. ∙ All texts should be double-spaced. ∙ All lines after the first line of each entry in the reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation. ∙ All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first). ∙ Authors' first and middle names should be written as initials. ∙ Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors. Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name. ∙ Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. ∙ For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent. ∙ When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. ∙ Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on). ∙ Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.  Note: While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed. or Appendix B. 18 APA 7th Edition Figure 6 Sample Format for References 6 References Agnew, C. R., & South, S. C. (Eds.). (2014). Interpersonal relationships and health: Social and clinical psychological mechanisms. Oxford University Press. Berndt, T. J. (2004a). Children’s friendships: Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 50(3), 206-223. Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2006). Development and validation of the active empathetic listening scale. Psychology & Marketing, 23(2), 161- 180. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105 Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R.,... Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1 See Appendix B for the General Guidelines of Referencing  19 APA 7th Edition E. Appendices An Appendix is a section at the end of an academic text where the extra information that does not fit into the main text is included. It presents information that supplements the reader’s understanding of a research but is not essential to the argument of the paper. The following may be included in the appendices: ∙ Letters (Permission/requests to conduct the study) ∙ Documents used in research, such as questionnaires, instructions, tests, or scales ∙ Full transcripts of the conducted interviews ∙ Detailed statistical data (often presented in tables or figures) ∙ Detailed descriptions of equipment used One should refer to each appendix at least once in the main text. Do not include an appendix which is not used or mentioned in the text. When you discuss information that can be found in an appendix, state this the first time you refer to it. Example: Participant A stated that he had often felt “alienated” from his peers due to his racial background (see Appendix B for full interview transcripts). Note that, if you refer to the same interviews again, it is not necessary to mention the appendix each time. Appendix Format Example The appendix label appears at the top of the page, bold and centered. On the next line, include a descriptive title, also bold and centered. Figure 7 Sample Format for Appendix Page number 7 Appendix label Appendix A Appendix title Analysis of Speech Fragments This appendix consists of the individual analyses of speech fragments which were read aloud by 18 native speakers of English. Patients are indicated with a green highlight, space whereas healthy control speakers are indicated with a purple highlights. Each analysis shows Left aligne the number of syllables, the number of in-and exhalations, the duration of these-in and exhalations, the speech rate and the articulation rate. Double  (Source: Caulfied, 2021) 20 APA 7th Edition Organizing and Labeling Appendices If you include just one appendix, it is simply called “Appendix” and referred to as such in-text: Referring to a single appendix (see Appendix) When more than one appendix is included, they are labeled “Appendix A,” “Appendix B,” and so on. Present and label your appendices in the order they are referred to in the main text. Labeling Tables and Figures in Appendices An appendix may include (or consist entirely of) tables and/or figures. Present these according to the same formatting rules as in the main text. Tables and figures included in appendices are labeled differently, however. Use the appendix’s letter in addition to a number. Tables and figures are still numbered separately and according to the order they are referred to in the appendix. For example, in Appendix A, your tables are Table A1, Table A2, etc; your figures are Figure A1, Figure A2, etc. The numbering restarts with each appendix: For example, the first table in Appendix B is Table B1; the first figure in Appendix C is Figure C1; and so on. If you only have one appendix, use A1, A2, etc. If you want to refer specifically to a table or figure from an appendix in the main text, use the table or figure’s label (e.g. “see Table A3”). If an appendix consists entirely of a single table or figure, simply use the appendix label to refer to the table or figure. For example, if Appendix C is just a table, refer to the table as “Appendix C,” and do not add an additional label or title for the table itself. (Source: Caulfied, 2021} III. PREPARING A RESEARCH To establish an institutional format in preparing the undergraduate research for social sciences and other academic disciplines, the manual subscribes to the application of APA 7th Edition Publication Format. However, few modifications are adapted for the undergraduate research as stated below: Particulars Student Research Format Sections Title Page Abstract (150 – 250 words) Preliminaries (Additional parts) ∙ Approval sheet Certificate of Authentic Authorship ∙ Acknowledgement ∙ Table of Contents ∙ List of Tables ∙ List of Figures 21 APA 7th Edition ∙ List of Appendices (optional, if 5 or more appendices) Introduction ∙ Background (not spelled-out) ∙ Literature Review ∙ Theoretical Considerations ∙ Conceptual Framework (for inferential studies ∙ only) Statement of the Problem (interrogative ∙ form) ∙ Hypothesis/es (for inferential studies only) ∙ Significance of the Study ∙ Scope and Limitation Definition of Terms Method Research Design Locale Respondents/Participants Sample and Sampling Technique Research Instrument/s Data Gathering Procedure Statistical Tool/s and Treatment of Data Results To include tables/figures and texts (simple presentation of findings; may include analysis of data just to highlight the major findings- but avoid giving interpretations) ∙ Discussion Inclusion of relevant literature reviews to the interpretation and implications of results/ findings References Appendices To include certificates of language and technical editing Font style and size Although some font styles are already permissible, NDMU research sticks to the use of conventional APA font style and size: Times New Romans #12.  Placement of the Major Sections: Introduction, Method, Results, and major sections Discussion (presented continuously in double space) Reference and Appendix sections (presented on new pages) Size and space of To ensure a complete presentation of Table/Figure on a Table/Figure on a page page, font size and spaces of Table/Figure may be adjusted. Always consider clarity in adjusting the font size and spaces of the table/figure. 22 th APA 7 Edition IV. SECTIONS of NDMU Student Research Paper Title Page Abstract Approval Sheet Certificate of Authentic Authorship All starts on a Acknowledgments List of Appendices (Applicable if more than 5 Table of Contents appendices) separate page. List of Tables List of Figures 23 APA 7th Edition  Introduction Background Literature Review Theoretical/Conceptual Framework Statement of the Problem Hypothesis Significance of the Study Scope and Limitation of the Study Definition of Terms References Method Appendices Research Design For IMRAD Sections: ∙ Continuous. ∙ Double-spaced. ∙ Apply the Five Levels Setting (if applicable) of Headings in Participants different parts Measures Procedure Data Analysis Limitations of the Study Separate page Separate page Results Discussion Conclusion Recommendations  24 APA 7th Edition APPENDICES 25 th APA 7 Edition Appendix A In-Text Citations The Basics An in-text citation is a citation within one’s writing to show where the information, facts, quotes, and research are found. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, ∙ Follow the author-date system of in-text citation. The author’s last name and year of publication should appear in text, and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. Text: Burkholder (2010) claimed that APA Format (6th edition) has been used in technical writing… Reference List: Burkholder, D. (2010). APA style 6th edition (Power Point slides). Retrieved from http://www.monmouth.edu/uploadedFiles/Academics ∙ On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” for one page) (or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash (-) for page ranges.  For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199-201). In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining ∙ Always capitalize proper nouns, including authors’ names. ∙ After a colon or dash in the title, capitalize the first word. The teaching strategies of Senior High School teachers: Basis for a teaching framework of teachers in K-12 Program ∙ If referring to the title of a source within the paper, capitalize all words that are Four letters or longer. ∙ Use italics for the titles of books, periodicals, films, videos, TV shows, and microfilms publications (within text). In general, use italics infrequently. Calderon (2015) emphasized in his book, Methods of Research and Thesis Writing that experimental research is a highly controlled procedure in which manipulated treatments or actions from a factor or condition… 26 th APA 7 Edition Short Quotations ∙ If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash). ∙ You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. According to Jones (1998), "students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? ∙ If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why. Long Quotations ∙ Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph.  Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.. Business, in general, is a multifaceted universe. Any business idea can be the next big thing because of the various industries present in the market. Bhasin (2020) posited that: Signal phrase Every business is classified into various industries based on the products and services they offer and on the market they serve. There are businesses that belong to only one industry offering an industry-specific product or service but there are also businesses that are re quotation nter ½ inch considered conglomerates as they cater to multiple industries at the same time. Business entities can belong under the agriculture, telecommunications, and entertainment industries and many more industries in which they can operate. (p 99) Parenthetical citation follows ending punctua Philippine Statistics Authority (2020) revealed that there are 19 industry sectors which include service, manufacturing, and retail/wholesale. As of 2020, there are a total of 539,504 enterprises engaged in retail and wholesale of which 34,390 are SMEs. Guinn (2018) confirmed that enterprises that are into retail and wholesale is one of the common industries that SMEs are engaged in because of the ease of inventory acquisition and flexible business operations. 27 APA 7th Edition Quotations from Sources without Pages ∙ Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source. Jones (1998) found a variety of causes for student dissatisfaction with prevailing citation practices (paras. 4–5). A meta-analysis of available literature (Jones, 1998) revealed inconsistency across large-scale studies of student learning (Table 3). Summary or Paraphrase ∙ If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer  work. According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199). Authors ∙ Incases of multiple authors, join the authors’ names with the word “and” if being cited in text; join the authors’ names with an ampersand (&) if they are cited in parenthesis. Within the text: Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports... Parenthetical citation: (Wegener & Petty, 1994) ∙ Within a paragraph, when the name of the author/authors is part of the narrative, the year is not needed if it has already been referenced. However, parenthetical references need to include the year. ∙ One work, one author: Johnson (2010) found that locus of control… Student retention at doctoral level institutions (Jones, 2008)… 28 th APA 7 Edition A. Citing Author/s: APA style has a series of important rules on using author names as part of the author-date system. There are additional rules for citing indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers. 1. A Work by One Author ∙ If the author’s name appears in the sentence, cite only the year of publication in parenthesis. Price (1954) described nursing as a combination of both art and science. ∙ If both the year and the author are mentioned in the text, no parenthetical citation is needed. In 1954, Price described nursing as a combination of art and science. ∙ If the name or year of publication is not used in the text, insert the information  where appropriate. If the citation occurs at the end of the sentence, the end punctuation appears after the parenthetical reference. A recent study (Barrett, 1997) found that... The basis for this argument is the recent comprehensive study of … (Barrett, 1997). ∙ Within a paragraph, there is no need to include the year in subsequent reference to the same study. In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…. Walker also found out that…. 2. A Work by Two Authors ∙ Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis each time the work is cited. Use the word “and” between the authors’ names within the text and use the ampersand “&” in parenthesis. According to Potter and Perry (2004) spiritual health is achieved when a person finds balance between his or her own life values, goals… Spiritual health is achieved when a person finds balance between his or her own life values, goals and belief system and those of others (Potter & Perry, 2004). 29 th APA 7 Edition 3. A Work by Three or More Authors ∙ List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources. As Greasely et al. (2001) also discussed... This study (Greasely et al., 2001) also found… ⮚ Note: In et al., et should not be followed by a period. Only “al.” should be followed by period. ∙ In citing multiple works with similar groups of authors, and the shortened “et al.” citation form of each source would be the same, avoid ambiguity by writing out more names as in the following: Jones, Smith, Liu, Huang, and Kim (2020) Jones, Smith, Ruiz, Wang, and Stanton (2020) ∙ They would be cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity:  (Jones, Smith, Liu, et al., 2020) (Jones, Smith, Ruiz, et al., 2020) 4. Unknown Author ∙ If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parenthesis. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. APA style calls for capitalizing important words in titles when they are written in the text (but not when they are written in reference lists). Children struggling to control their weight must also struggle with the pressure of television advertising that, on the one hand, encourages the consumption of junk food and, on the other, celebrates thin celebrities (Television, 2002). A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers (“Using Citations,” 2001). ⮚ Note: In rare case the “Anonymous” is used for the author, treat it as the author’s name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. 5. Organization as Author ∙ If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time the source is cited. According to the American Psychological Association (2000), … ∙ If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in 30 APA 7th Edition later citations. However, do not use abbreviations in citing work from multiple organizations whose abbreviations are the same (to avoid ambiguity). First Text Citations: Although health is defined as… as stated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1999… Although health is defined as… (World Health Organization [WHO], 1999). Subsequent Text Citations: In the WHO (1999) report... A study found that... (WHO, 1999).  6. Two or More Works by Different Authors ∙ List the works in alphabetical order and separate them with semi-colons. There is evidence to suggest that the first four of these needs are recognized, taught, and practiced in nursing curricula and care (McSherry& Draper, 1997; Narayanasamy, 1993; Ross, 1996). 7. Authors with the Same Last Name ∙ To avoid confusion, use initials with the last names if the reference list includes two or more authors with the same last name. According to E. Johnson (2001)…. L. Johnson (1998) revealed that…. 8. More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year ∙ Identify works by the same author with the same publication date by adding the suffixes a, b, c, and so forth after the year. These kinds of reference are ordered alphabetically by the title on the Reference page. Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh 1983) found that… Johnson (1991b) conducted an additional study that… B. Citing Indirect Sources: ∙ In using a source cited in another source, name the original source in the paragraph (signal phrase). Use the phrase “cited in” followed by the author and year of the text in which the material is found. List the secondary source in the reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. If the year of the original source is known, include it in the citation. Johnson argued that... (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102). (Johnson,1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102) 31 th APA 7 Edition Van Leeuwen and Cusveller conducted a literature review about … (as cited in Pesut, 2008). ⮚ Note: When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above. C. Citing Electronic Sources:  ∙ If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using author-date style. A person is composed of body, mind and spirit. When the physical domain of an individual is compromised, the mind and the spirit are also involved (Makhija, 2002). For Watson (1999), the transpersonal caring relationship characterizes a special kind of human relationship that… ∙ Electronic sources may lack author’s name or date. 1. Unknown Author ∙ If no author is named, mention the title of the document in a signal phrase or give the first word or two of the title in parenthesis. The body’s basal metabolic rate, or MBR, is a measure of its at-rest energy requirement (“Exercise,” 2003). 2. Unknown Date ∙ When the date is unknown, APA recommends using the abbreviation “n.d.” (for “no date”). Attempts to establish a definitive link between television programming and children’s eating habits have been problematic (Magnus, n.d.). 3. Unknown Author and Unknown Date ∙ If no author or date is given, use the title in the signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parenthesis then use the abbreviation “n.d.” which means “no date.” Another study of students and research decisions discovered that student succeeded with tutoring (“Tutoring and APA,” n.d.). D. Citing Sources without Page Numbers: ∙ When an electronic source lacks page numbers, try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. Use the heading or section name, 32 APA 7th Edition an abbreviated heading or section name, a paragraph number (para. 1), or a combination of these. According to Smith (1997), … (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).  ⮚ Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages for print out; different computers print Web pages with different pagination. Do not use Kindle location numbers; instead, use the page number (available in many Kindle books) or the method above. E. Citing Personal Communication: ∙ Personal communications may be letters, memoranda, electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or messages from non-archived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), personal interviews, telephone conversations, and the like. Since they do not provide a recordable date, they are not included in the reference list. However, they are cited in text only. In the text, initials and the surname of the communicator as well as the exact date should be given. T.K. Lutes mentioned that... (personal communication, April 18, 2001). In a certain study… (T.K. Lutes, personal communication, April 18, 2001). A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002). F. Citing Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples: ∙ When citing information, use a variation of the personal communication citation above. Include the person’s full name, nation or indigenous group, location, and any other relevant details before the “personal communication, date” part of the citation. (Caroline Jennings, Cherokee Nation, Lives in Tulsa, Oklahoma, personal communication, October 2019) G. Citing Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords: ∙ When citing an Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterward in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as usual. (Funk & Kollin, 1992) H. Citing Other Sources: ∙ The APA Publication Manual describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. However, one may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the manual does not describe, making the best way to proceed unclear. 33 th APA 7 Edition In these cases, it is typically acceptable to apply the general principles of APA citation to the new kind of source in a way that is consistent and sensible. A good way to do this is to simply use the standard APA directions for a type of source that resembles the source one wants to cite. For example, a sensible way to cite a virtual reality program would be to mimic the APA’s guidelines for computer software. 34 APA 7th Edition Appendix B Referencing A. Author/s The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APA-style references in the reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.) 1. Single Author: ∙ Last name first, followed by author initials. Ahmed, S. (2012). On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Duke University Press. 2. Two Authors: ∙ List by their last names and initials. Separate author names with a comma. Use the ampersand instead of "and." Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117- 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096 3. Three to Twenty Authors: ∙ List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand. Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019). Metamotivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level construal in goal-relevant task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(5), 879- 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166 35 APA 7th Edition 4. More than Twenty Authors: ∙ List by last names and initials; commas separate author names. After the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names.  Then, end with the final author’s name (do not place an ampersand before it). There should be no more than twenty names in the citation in total. Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R.,... Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D 18-0270.1 5. Group Author: ∙ Group authors can include corporations, government agencies, organizations, etc., and a group may publish in coordination with individuals. Here, simply treat the publishing organization the same way the author's name is treated, and format the rest of the citation as normal. Be sure to give the full name of the group author in the reference list, although abbreviations may be used in the text. ∙ Entries in reference works (e.g. dictionaries, thesauruses, and encyclopedias) without credited authors are also considered works with group authors. Merriam-Webster. (2008). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. ∙ When a work has multiple layers of group authorship (e.g. The Office of the Historian, which is a part of the Department of State, publishes something), list the most specific agency as the author and the parent agency as the publisher. Bureau of International Organization Affairs. (2018). U.S. contributions to international organizations, 2017 [Annual report]. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-contributions-to-international organizations/ 36 th APA 7 Edition 6. Unknown Author: ∙ When the work does not have an author move the title of the work to the beginning of the references and follow with the date of publication. Only use “Anonymous” if the author’s work is signed “Anonymous.” This is a new  addition to APA 7. Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. NOTE: When an essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the source's title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the source above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 2003). 7. Two or More Works by the Same Author: ∙ Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first). List references with no dates before references with dates. Urcuioli, P. J. (n.d.). Urcuioli, P. J. (2011). ∙ When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first. Agnew, C. R. (Ed.). (2014). Social influences on romantic relationships: Beyond the dyad. Cambridge University Press. Agnew, C. R., & South, S. C. (Eds.). (2014). Interpersonal relationships and health: Social and clinical psychological mechanisms. Oxford University Press. ∙ References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same. Arriaga, X. B., Capezza, N. M., Reed, J. T., Wesselman, E. D., & Williams, K. D. (2014). With partners like you, who needs strangers?: Ostracism involving a romantic partner. Personal Relationships, 21(4), 557-569. Arriaga, X. B., Kumashiro, M., Finkel, E. J., VanderDrift, L. E., & Luchies, L. B. (2014). Filling the void: Bolstering attachment security in committed relationships. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 398-405. 37 APA 7th Edition 8. Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year:  ∙ In using more than one reference by the same author—or the same group of authors listed in the same order—published in the same year, first check to see if they have more specific dates (this recommendation is new to APA 7). Works with only a year should be listed before those with a more specific date. List specific dates chronologically. If two works have the same publication date, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. If references with the same date are identified as parts of a series (e.g. Part 1 and Part 2), list them in order of their place in the series. Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your reference list, e.g.: "Berndt (2004a) makes similar claims..." Berndt, T. J. (2004a). Children’s friendships: Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 50(3), 206-223. Berndt, T. J. (2004b). Friendship and three A’s (aggression, adjustment, and attachment). Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88(1), 1-4. 9. Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords: ∙ Cite the publishing information about a book as usual, but cite Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword (whatever title is applicable) as the chapter of the book. Lang, J. M. (2018). Introduction. In Dujardin, G., Lang, J. M., & Staunton, J. A. (Eds.), Teaching the literature survey course (pp. 1-8). West Virginia University Press. B. Articles in Periodicals 1. Basic Form ∙ APA style dictates that authors are named with their last name followed by their initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. If a DOI has been assigned to the article online, include this after the page numbers for the article. If no DOI has been assigned, use the URL of the website from which the periodical is being accessed. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy 38 th APA 7 Edition 2. Article in Print Journal Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5–13. Note: APA 7 advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the print source. The example above assumes no DOI is available. 3. Article in Journal Paginated by Volume ∙ Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc. Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893- 896 4. Article in Electronic Journal ∙ As noted above, when citing an article in an electronic journal, include a DOI if one is associated with the article. Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital research with service-learning. Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement, 6(1), 11– 16. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979 ∙ DOIs may not always be available. In these cases, use a URL. Many academic journals provide stable URLs that function similarly to DOIs. These are preferable to ordinary URLs copied and pasted from the browser's address bar. Denny, H., Nordlof, J., & Salem, L. (2018). "Tell me exactly what it was that I was doing that was so bad": Understanding the needs and expectations of working-class students in writing centers. Writing Center Journal, 37(1), 67– 98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26537363 Note that in the example above, there is a quotation in the title of the article. Ordinary titles lack quotation marks. 5. Article in Journal Paginated by Issue ∙ Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined. Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion,15(3), 5-13  39 th APA 7 Edition 6. Article in a Magazine Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never. Time, 135(17), 20–21. 7. Article in a Newspaper Schultz, S. (2005, December). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A. 8. Review