1a. States of matter ppt.pdf

Section 1: Principles of chemistry 1.a States of matter  Starters Word search http://thewordsearch.com/puzzle/235349/states-of-matter/ Cross word http://www.whenwecrosswords.com/crossword/solubility_/499018/crossword. jsp Videos: https://www.youtube.co...

Section 1: Principles of chemistry 1.a States of matter  Starters Word search http://thewordsearch.com/puzzle/235349/states-of-matter/ Cross word http://www.whenwecrosswords.com/crossword/solubility_/499018/crossword. jsp Videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndw9XYA4iF0 (Particulate Nature of Matter and Changes of State) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRLNDTmBFZY (diffusion in gases) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4m5JnJBq2AU (Brownian motion) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8f-rVdnEBs (solubility rules) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AZ2Z6_CQmA (solubility curves) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qL5-lcc_TfY (factors that affect solubility) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWNhTtfOAEE (solubility curve for potassium nitrate) States of matter Keywords LO.1: 1.1 understand the three states of matter in Arrangement/Movement Energy/Solid /Liquid terms of the arrangement, movement and energy of the Gas particles. https://thewords earch.com/puzzl e/235349/states- of-matter/ States of matter Keywords LO.1: 1.1 understand the three states of matter in Arrangement/Movement terms of the arrangement, movement and energy of the Energy/Solid /Liquid particles. Gas Particles in a solid Particles in a liquid are still closely Particles in a gas are are closely packed packed. But in random widely spread out, and in and regular arrangement. irregular arrangement States of matter Keywords LO.1: 1.1 understand the three states of matter in Arrangement/Movement terms of the arrangement, movement and energy of the Energy/Solid /Liquid particles. Gas Particles in a solid Particles in a liquid can slide past Particles in a gas can can vibrate but each other or move around within move around freely. cannot move the liquid. around. States of matter Keywords LO.1: 1.1 understand the three states of matter in Arrangement/Movement terms of the arrangement, movement and energy of the Energy/Solid /Liquid particles. Gas Particles in a solid Particles in a liquid have more Particles in a gas have the have low energies. energy – enough to overcome the most energy of the three forces that hold the particles states. together in the solid. States of matter Keywords LO.1: 1.1 understand the three states of matter in Arrangement/Movement terms of the arrangement, movement and energy of the Energy/Solid /Liquid particles. Gas Particles in a solid Particles in a liquid are still closely Particles in a gas are are closely packed packed, but can both vibrate and widely spread out and can vibrate move around within the liquid and can both vibrate but cannot move because they have more energy – and move around around, they have enough to overcome the forces freely. They have the low energies. that hold the particles together in most energy of the the solid. three states. States of matter Keywords LO.1: 1.1 understand the three states of matter in Arrangement/Movement terms of the arrangement, movement and energy of the Energy/Solid /Liquid particles. Gas State Forces of attraction between particles Energy Arrangement of particles Movement/motion of particles of particles Particles are held in fixed positions Particles vibrate around a point making an ordered arrangement or Particles cannot move from their Strong forces lattice Solid Forces of positions Particles are close together When heated they vibrate more and attraction Little When heated they move slightly further apart from each other move further apart a little(=expand) energy Particles can move past one another and have less effect Particles are in a random/irregular move randomly Liquid so that Moderate arrangement When heated they move faster and move energy Particles are still fairly close particles still together further apart a little (=expand) stick together When heated they move slightly Particles move randomly (= each particle further apart from each other in its own direction) and very fast Forces of A lot of Random arrangement Particles move freely, constantly and in attraction have energy Particles are very far apart/a lot of straight lines Gas no effect – space between them/large distance between them Particles bounce off the walls of the almost no When heated they move even containers causing pressure forces holding further apart When heated the particles move faster them together and move much further apart (=expand a lot) Title : Change in state Keywords Interconversion LO.1: Identify the names of the interconversions Boiling LO.2: Describe how they are achieved Evaporation LO.3: Predict the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles Melting Freezing Condensation Sublimation boiling boiling condensing Increasing point energy of the particles in the subliming substance melting melting freezing point Title : Change in state Keywords Interconversion LO.1: Identify the names of the interconversions Boiling LO.2: Describe how they are achieved Evaporation LO.3: Predict the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles Melting Freezing Condensation Sublimation Title : Change in state Keywords a. States of matter Interconversion LO.1: Identify the names of the interconversions Boiling LO.2: Describe how they are achieved Evaporation LO.3: Predict the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles Melting Freezing Lesson Outcomes Condensation Sublimation LO.1: Identify the names of the interconversions LO.2: Describe how they are achieved? LO.3: Apply your knowledge changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles Title : Change in state Keywords Interconversion LO.1: Identify the names of the interconversions Boiling LO.2: Describe how they are achieved Evaporation LO.3: Predict the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles Melting Freezing Condensation Sublimation Title : Change in state Keywords Interconversion LO.1: Identify the names of the interconversions Boiling LO.2: Describe how they are achieved Evaporation LO.3: Predict the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles Melting The heating graph (energy is put in) below shows what happens to Freezing the state and temperature of a solid substance when it is heated. Condensation Sublimation The temperature stays the same when a substance changes state because : the heat energy supplied is used to overcome the effect of the forces instead of raising the temperature. Title : Change in state Keywords Interconversion LO.1: Identify the names of the interconversions Boiling LO.2: Describe how they are achieved Evaporation LO.3: Predict the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles Melting Freezing The cooling graph below shows what happens to the state and temperatureCondensation of a gas when it is cooled. Sublimation During the cooling, the particles lose energy, come closer together and when they collide, they stick together to form droplets forming a liquid If cooled further in the liquid state, they eventually move so slowly that start vibrating around a point. The forces between the particles have a much greater effect. Title : Change in state Keywords Interconversion LO.1: Identify the names of the interconversions Boiling LO.2: Describe how they are achieved Evaporation LO.3: Predict the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles Melting Freezing Lesson Outcomes Condensation Sublimation LO.1: Identify the names of the interconversions LO.2: Describe how they are achieved? LO.3: Apply your knowledge changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles Title : Change in state Keywords Interconversion LO.1: Identify the names of the interconversions Boiling LO.2: Describe how they are achieved Evaporation LO.3: Predict the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles Melting Freezing Condensation State Arrangement of particles Sublimation Particles are held in fixed positions making an ordered arrangement or lattice Solid Particles are close together Liquid Particles are in an irregular arrangement Particles are still fairly close together Random arrangement Particles are very far apart Gas Title : Change in state Keywords Interconversion LO.1: Identify the names of the interconversions Boiling LO.2: Describe how they are achieved Evaporation LO.3: Predict the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles Melting Freezing Condensation State Movement/motion of particles Sublimation Particles vibrate around a point Particles cannot move from their positions Solid Particles can move past one another and move randomly Liquid Particles move randomly (= each particle in its own direction) and very fast Particles move freely, constantly and in straight lines Gas Particles bounce off the walls of the containers causing pressure Title : Change in state Keywords Interconversion LO.1: Identify the names of the interconversions Boiling LO.2: Describe how they are achieved Evaporation LO.3: Predict the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles Melting Freezing Condensation State Energy of particles Sublimation Solid Little energy Liquid Moderate energy Gas A lot of energy  Diffusion of particles Keywords Diffusion Lo.1: Explain experiments involving the dilution of Brownian coloured solutions and diffusion of gases. motion Molar mass Dissolve Lesson Outcomes LO.1: Define diffusion LO.2: Explain result of diffusion experiments LO.3: Predict relation between mass and speed of diffusion  2 minutes Draw me the answer What is Diffusion? ‘show me the answer’...except with drawing only!  Diffusion of particles Keywords Diffusion Lo.1: Explain experiments involving the dilution of Brownian coloured solutions and diffusion of gases. motion Molar mass Dissolve From high concentration to low concentration.  Diffusion of particles Keywords Diffusion Lo.1: Explain experiments involving the dilution of Brownian coloured solutions and diffusion of gases. motion Experiment to show how particles move (diffusion) in solution Molar mass Dissolve The crystal get smaller , and the purple permanganate ions diffuse slowly throughout the whole volume of the water. They do this because both the water molecules and the dissolved particles of permanganate are constantly moving. Title: Experiment to show how gas particles move (diffusion) Keywords Diffusion LO.1 Describe movement of NH3 and HCl White ring LO.2 Predict and explain the position of white ring Mass number Speed The hydrogen chloride and the ammonia gases both diffuse into the tube. Where they meet, they react forming a white ‘smoke ring’ of ammonium chloride. NH3(g) + HCl(g)  NH4Cl(s) Title Diffusion of Ammonia and hydrogen chloride Keywords Diffusion LO.1 Describe movement of NH3 and HCl White ring LO.2 Predict and explain the position of white ring Mass number Experiment to show how gas particles move (diffusion) Speed The smoke ring forms nearer the hydrogen chloride end, because ammonia moves and diffuses more quickly than hydrogen chloride as the ammonia particles are smaller and lighter. At higher temperature, the gas particles would have more kinetic energy, and therefore diffuse more quickly.  Just a Minute Speak about Diffusion. At the first repetition, pause or mistake another takes over - and so on until the minute is up. 1 minute Title: Solubility Keywords LO.1 Define the keywords Solvent LO.2 know what is meant by the term solubility solute/ solution LO.3 understand how to plot and interpret solubility curves /saturated solution/solubility. solvent: A liquid that does the dissolving. solute: A solid which dissolves or which will be dissolved. solution: A mixture made by dissolving a solute in a solvent. saturated solution: A solution which contains as much solute as possible. Title: Solubility Keywords LO.1 Define the keywords Solvent LO.2 know what is meant by the term solubility solute/ solution LO.3 understand how to plot and interpret solubility curves /saturated solution/solubility. Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a specific amount of solvent. Rule for Solubility = mass of solute x 100 mass of solvent Expressed as: x grams of solute in 100 grams of solvent water. Title: Solubility Keywords LO.1 Define the keywords Solvent LO.2 know what is meant by the term solubility solute/ solution LO.3 understand how to plot and interpret solubility curves /saturated solution/solubility. Factors that affect the rate a species dissolves – Increasing temperature – stirring (agitation) – Crushing (smaller particle size) Title: Solubility Keywords LO.1 Define the keywords Solvent LO.2 know what is meant by the term solubility solute/ solution LO.3 understand how to plot and interpret solubility curves /saturated solution/solubility. Solubility curves show the relationship between solubility and temperature. Table G tells you the max amount of solute you can dissolve in 100 g of H2O at a given temperature Title: Solubility Keywords LO.1 Define the keywords Solvent LO.2 know what is meant by the term solubility solute/ solution LO.3 understand how to plot and interpret solubility curves /saturated solution/solubility. Problem: How much NaNO3 will dissolve in 100g of water at 20C? 89 g Title: Solubility Keywords LO.1 Define the keywords Solvent LO.2 know what is meant by the term solubility solute/ solution LO.3 understand how to plot and interpret solubility curves /saturated solution/solubility. Problem: How much KCl will dissolve in 100g of water at 50C? 42 g Title: Types of solutions and solubility curve Keywords LO.1 Identify type of solutions Saturated LO2. Describe the solubility curves Unsaturated Supersaturated Saturated Solutions Solubility curve contain the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve. full, cannot hold any more solute Title: Types of solutions and solubility curve Keywords LO.1 Identify type of solutions Saturated LO2. Describe the solubility curves Unsaturated Supersaturated Solubility curve Supersaturated Solutions An unstable solution that contains an amount of solute greater than the solute solubility. Has undissolved solute at the bottom of the container. Title: Types of solutions and solubility curve Keywords LO.1 Identify type of solutions Saturated LO2. Describe the solubility curves Unsaturated Supersaturated Solubility curve Below the line – unsaturated (can hold more solute) On the line – saturated (full, cannot hold any more solute) Above the line – supersaturated (holding more solute then it should – very unstable) Title: Types of solutions and solubility curve Keywords LO.1 Identify type of solutions Saturated LO2. Describe the solubility curves Unsaturated Supersaturated Solubility curve Solubility increases with the increase in temperature If temperature is decreased the dissolved solid will form again as solubility decreases at lower temperature a. States of matter 1.7C investigate the solubility of a solid in water at a specific temperature. a. States of matter Class practical: Diffusion in liquids (RSC 27) Students will be able to make an experiment to test how diffusion in gases is faster than diffusion in liquids. They will have to spray some perfume into the air. The smell spreads quickly. They will have to add 0.1 g of potassium permanganate into a beaker containing water. They will also add a drop of methylene blue into a beaker of water. Then, they will record their observations on a piece of paper. Give real life examples about solvent solute, solution and saturated solution a. States of matter 1.7C investigate the solubility of a solid in water at a specific temperature. a. States of matter 1.7C investigate the solubility of a solid in water at a specific temperature. METHOD: 1. Accurately weigh 4 g of KClO3 into a large test tube. Record the mass. 2. Add 10.0 mL of distilled water from a burette. 3. Immerse the test tube in a beaker of boiling water so that the water level outside the tube is at least 3 cm higher than the level inside. 4. Carefully stir the mixture with the stirring rod until all the solid has dissolved. 5. Allow the tube to cool by removing it from the water and holding it up to the light. Stir constantly with the stirring rod. 6. Record the temperature at which crystals first appear. 7. Use the burette to add 2.5 mL of distilled water to the test tube and repeat the above 8. Repeat step 7 until at least five results have been recorded.