Learning Objectives Exam 2 PDF

NOTES: - The following is a list of learning objectives, separated by test and taken directly from your textbook. - The course, both the textbook and lectures will follow these objectives with some additions to relate material more directly to the health field. - Understanding t...

NOTES: - The following is a list of learning objectives, separated by test and taken directly from your textbook. - The course, both the textbook and lectures will follow these objectives with some additions to relate material more directly to the health field. - Understanding the concepts associated with the learning objectives will help you prepare for the exams but is not a guarantee of a particular grade. - Material on tests will come from 1) lectures, 2) the textbook, and 3) homework assignments and may be beyond the scope of this list of learning outcomes. - Learning vocabulary is important to being able to understand what a question is asking and replying appropriately. - Memorization is not enough. You need to understand how concepts relate to each other. - Learning examples and being able to explain the associated concept will help you learn the material. **Exam 2- Learning Objectives** Campbell textbook chapter 5 - **5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers.** - Explain how monomers are related to their associated polymers. - Explain how dehydration synthesis build polymers. - Explain how hydrolysis breaks down polymers. - Explain how enzymes are used to facilitate metabolic reactions. - **5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material.** - Describe examples of how monosaccharides vary by the number of carbon atoms and the position of the carbon-oxygen double bond. - Relate that polysaccharides are created with glycosidic linkages. - Describe how different structures of polysaccharides relate to their function of storage or structure. Give examples of each. - **5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.** - Explain the structural and functional differences between different types of lipids: fats, phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroids. - Relate that triglycerides are connected with an ester linkage. - Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated. Describe how the structural differences between these affect the chemical properties of the fatty acids. - Unsaturated fatty acids differ depending on the position of hydrogens around a double bond. Describe how the structural differences between these affect the chemical properties of the fatty acid and which types of fat are good or bad for cardiac health. - Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. Describe how the structure creates unique chemical properties that a crucial to the formation of the cell membrane. - Cholesterol and steroids are lipids with rings and unique chemical properties. - Describe the function of these molecules in the cell and organism. - **5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions.** - Relate that proteins are made of amino acids connected by peptide bonds. - Describe the four levels of protein structure. - Describe how the chemical properties of each amino acids R-group directly affect protein shape. - Describe how the properties of each level of protein structure determine the structure of the next level. - Explain the variety of roles proteins in the cell and organism. - Explain examples of how the structure of a protein is directly related to its function. - Explain examples of how a change in a protein's structure, due to disease or environmental stress, will affect the ability of the protein to do its job in the cell and can lead to disease and/or death of a cell or organism. - 5.5 **Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.** - Nucleic acids come in two forms, DNA and RNA, explain the unique chemical properties of each. - Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. Identify these parts. - Nitrogenous bases come in two forms pyrimidines and purines. Explain differences in their chemical structure and function of each. - Be able to write DNA and RNA sequences with correct directionality. - 5.6 **Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications.** - Explain how genomics and proteomics are providing information essential in fighting disease. Campbell textbook chapter 6 - **6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.** - Cells can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Explain the unique features of each type of cell. - Eukaryotic cells from different species have different structures and functions but also many similarities. Describe these differences and similarities. - **6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.** - Explain how the structure of the nucleus protects the DNA while letting out mRNA. - Describe the function of the ribosomes. - **6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions.** - The endomembrane system consists of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. Describe the unique properties and functions of each. - The endoplasmic reticulum can be smooth or rough depending on it ribosomes attached to it. Explain the function of each. - Give examples of how the type of cell can determine the presence and size of different organelles. - **6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.** - Explain how mitochondria and chloroplasts are crucial to energy transfer and metabolic function. - Explain the functions of peroxisomes. - **6.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organize structures and activities in the cell.** - Explain how the cytoskeleton supports the structure of the cell and is used to move material around the cell. - Explain how the movement of microfilaments is crucial to muscle contraction, ameboid movement, and cytoplasmic streaming.