Anatomy & Physiology Endocrine System PDF

The endocrine system is made up of glands and the hormones they secrete. Although the endocrine glands are the primary hormone producers, the brain, heart, lungs, liver, skin, thymus, gastrointestinal mucosa, and placenta also produce and release hormones.  The primary...

The endocrine system is made up of glands and the hormones they secrete. Although the endocrine glands are the primary hormone producers, the brain, heart, lungs, liver, skin, thymus, gastrointestinal mucosa, and placenta also produce and release hormones.  The primary endocrine glands are the pituitary (the master gland), pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, islets of Langerhans, adrenals, ovaries in the female and testes in the male. The function of the endocrine system is the production and regulation of chemical substances called hormones. A hormone is a chemical transmitter. It is released in small amounts from glands, and is transported in the bloodstream to target organs or other cells. Hormones are chemical messengers, transferring information and instructions from one set of cells to another.  Hormones regulate growth, development, mood, tissue Hyposecretion or function, metabolism, and hypersecretion of sexual function. any hormone can be harmful to the body. Controlling the production of hormones can treat many hormonal disorders in the body.  The pituitary gland has 2 lobes… The endocrine system and nervous system work together to help maintain homeostasis… balance. The hypothalamus is a collection of specialized cells located in the brain, and is the primary link between the two systems. It produces chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions of the pituitary gland.  Growth Hormone (GH): essential for the growth and development of bones, muscles, and other organs. It also enhances protein synthesis, decreases the use of glucose, and promotes fat destruction.  Adrenocorticotropin (TRŌ pun) (ACTH): essential for the growth of the adrenal cortex. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): essential for the growth and development of the thyroid gland.  Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): is a gonadotropic hormone. It stimulates the growth ovarian follicles in the female and the production of sperm in the male.  Luteinizing Hormone (LH): is a gonadotropic hormone stimulating the development of corpus luteum in the female ovarian follicles and the The yellow corpus luteum production of remains after ovulation; it testosterone in the produces estrogen and male. progesterone.  Prolactin (PRL): stimulates the development and growth of the mammary glands and milk production during pregnancy. The sucking motion of the baby stimulates prolactin secretion.  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of melanine in the skin after exposure to sunlight  Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): stimulates the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules. Hyposecretion of this hormone can result in diabetes insipidus. Oxytocin: stimulates the uterus to contract during labor, delivery, and parturition. A synthetic version of this hormone, used to induce labor, is called Pitocin. It also stimulates the mammary glands to release milk.  The pineal gland is pine-cone-shaped and only about 1 cm in diameter. Melatonin: communicates information about environmental lighting to various parts of the body. Has some effect on sleep/awake cycles and other biological events connected to them, such as a lower production of gastric secretions at night.  Serotonin: a neurotransmitter that regulates intestinal movements and affects appetite, mood, sleep, anger, and metabolism. The thyroid gland plays a vital role in metabolism and regulates the body’s metabolic processes. Calcitonin: influences bone and calcium metabolism; maintains a homeostasis of calcium in the blood plasma  Thyroxine (T4) and triodothyronine (T3): essential to BMR – basal metabolic rate (the rate at which a person’s body burns calories while at rest); influences physical/mental development and growth Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 = cretinism, myxedema, Hashimoto’s disease Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 = Grave’s disease, goiter, Basedow’s disease  The two pairs of parathyroid glands are located on the dorsal or back side of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid (PTH) which plays a role in the metabolism of phosphorus. Too little results in cramping; too much results in osteoporosis or kidney stones. The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of cells located in the pancreas.  Beta cells secrete the hormone insulin, which is Alpha cells essential for the maintenance facilitate the of normal blood sugar levels. breakdown of Inadequate levels result in glycogen to diabetes mellitus. glucose. This elevates the blood sugar. Delta cells suppress the release of glucagon and insulin.  The triangular- shaped adrenal glands are located on the top of each kidney. The inside is called the medulla and the outside layer is called the cortex.  Cortisol: regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism; has an anti- inflammatory effect; helps the body cope during times of stress Hyposecretion results Corticosterone: like in Addison’s disease; cortisol, it is a hypersecretion steroid; influences results in Cushing’s potassium and disease sodium metabolism  Aldosterone: essential in regulating electrolyte and water balance by promoting sodium and chloride retention and potassium excretion. Androgens: several hormones including testosterone; they promote the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male. Dopamine is used to treat shock. It dilates the arteries, elevates systolic blood pressure, increases cardiac output, and increases urinary output.  Epinephrine is also called adrenalin. It elevates systolic blood pressure, increases heart rate and cardiac output, speeds up the release of glucose from the liver… giving a spurt of energy, dilates the bronchial tubes and relaxes airways, and dilates the pupils to see more clearly. It is often used to counteract an allergic reaction. Norepinephrine, like epinephrine, is released when the body is under stress. It creates the underlying influence in the fight or flight response. As a drug, however, it actually triggers a drop in heart rate.  The ovaries produce several estrogen hormones and progesterone. These hormones prepare the uterus for pregnancy, promote the development of mammary glands, play a role in sex drive, and develop secondary sex characteristics in the female. Estrogen is essential for the growth, development, and maintenance of female sex organs. The testes produce the male sex hormone called testosterone. It is essential for normal growth and development of the male sex organs. Testosterone is responsible for the erection of the penis. During pregnancy, the placenta serves as an endocrine gland. It produces chorionic gonadotropin hormone, estrogen, and progesterone.  The mucosa of the pyloric area of the stomach secretes the hormone gastrin, which stimulates the production of gastric acid for digestion.  The mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum secretes the hormone secretin, which stimulates pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal secretion. The thymus gland has two lobes, and is part of the lymphatic system. It is a ductless gland, and secretes thymosin. This is necessary for the Thymus’ normal production of T cells for the immune system.