Avifauna Survey in Bicol University Campus PDF

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335323025 Avifauna Survey within a University Campus and Adjacent Forest Fragment in Bicol, Eastern Philippines Article in Applied Environmental Research · August 2019 DOI: 10.35762/AER.20...

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335323025 Avifauna Survey within a University Campus and Adjacent Forest Fragment in Bicol, Eastern Philippines Article in Applied Environmental Research · August 2019 DOI: 10.35762/AER.2019.41.2.8 CITATIONS READS 9 3,309 6 authors, including: Jonathan Jaime GURIMBAO Guerrero University of the Philippines Manila 27 PUBLICATIONS 442 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Jonathan Jaime GURIMBAO Guerrero on 06 July 2021. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.  App. Envi. Res. 41(2) (2019): 84-95 Applied Environmental Research Journal homepage : http://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/aer Avifauna Survey within a University Campus and Adjacent Forest Fragment in Bicol, Eastern Philippines Jocelyn E. Serrano1, Jonathan J.G. Guerrero1,2,*, Josiah D.G. Quimpo3, Giovani C. Andes1, Erwin N. Bañares1, Mheljor A. General1,4 1 College of Science, Department of Biology, Bicol University, Legazpi City, Philippines 2 Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 3 Haribon Foundation, Manila, Philippines 4 Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Environmental Management Bureau, Legazpi City, Philippines * Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] Article History Submitted: 8 March 2019/ Revision received: 17 July 2019/ Accepted: 18 July 2019/ Published online: 7 August 2019 Abstract With the lack of baseline information on avifauna within Bicol University and the adjacent forest fragment, this research aimed to identify bird species and compare their presence between an urbanized and forest areas. Avian diversity was documented within the Kalikasan Park and Bicol University Main Campus adjacent ecosystems, representing a forest fragment and semi-urbanized ecosystems, respectively. Bird survey was carried out through point count method. Identification was aided by existing taxonomic keys. A total of 44 species were recorded with eleven as Philippine endemics. Lonchura malacca (Chestnut Munia) and Aplonis panayensis (Asian Glossy Starling) were among the most frequently sighted. Bird species sighted was higher in the forest fragment as compared with the main campus area. The study recommends that Bicol University Main campus be transformed into an avian buffer and safe zone for the protection and conservation of these species and to provide policies to maintain high bird diversity. Keywords: Avian; Birds; Bicol University; Diversity; Zosterops meyeni Introduction The alteration pressures on the avian Avian assemblages in urban areas are a composition is mostly anthropogenic in nature combination of native species that are. Humans affect wildlife by modifying the abundant in the locality, some introduced local environment such as conversion of land birds and a variety of other species that may covers and establishment of structures and be infrequently sighted in the urban matrix. buildings. App. Envi. Res. 41(2) (2019): 84-95 85 Multiple researches have already documented biodiversity. Avian community is known to be the avifauna of urbanized areas. A long- an indicator of habitat alterations due to standing challenge is that urbanization tends urbanization and development [11-13]. to reduce species richness. Noise pollution Therefore, the main objective of this research in urban settings as well as light pollution was to identify bird species in the area and and human aggression are among those provide a baseline information on their diversity that shape community assemblage. Human and structure. Likewise, this research compared settlements and their design are likewise the occurrence of birds between Bicol contributory to avian mobility in urban University Main Campus (a semi-urbanized settings. For instance, window designs have area) and Kalikasan Park (a forest fragment). caused unprecedented avian mortality through the years [7-8]. Materials and methods In general, avifauna in the Bicol region 1) Sampling sites remain to be poorly studied. No comprehensive 1.1) Bicol University Main Campus surveys of birds in the region are available in Four sampling sites in Bicol University Main literature. Grant and Whitehead were only Campus (Figure 1) were identified: point count among the few who ventured into the bird A was located near the grounds of College of species of the province of Albay and the Science building 1 and College of Nursing adjacent island of Catanduanes, both are part of characterized by buildings close to fruit bearing the Bicol region. This published literature, trees and ornamental plants lining the pathways. however, dates back to 1895. Other local The area includes a major road for vehicles and sources remain unpublished and are thus commuters within the university. Point count B unavailable to the public. was located at the back of the College of Science Bicol University sits in between a forest building 4. This area is close to the Sagumayon fragment, locally known as the Kalikasan Park, River, less frequented by people and has a and the bustling metropolis of Legazpi City, number of fruit-bearing trees (Mangifera indica, south of the Luzon Island in the Philippines. By Cocos nucifera and Syzgium sp.) and other itself, the university campus links the two native trees. Building heights within point count distinct ecosystems and forms a gradient of A and B are approximately 20 m to 45 m. Point natural towards urban ecosystems. Clergaeu and count C was at the back of the Institute of co-workers established that avian Physical Education, Sports and Recreation communities are less likely affected by the bird (IPESR) building. This area is also traversed by diversity of adjacent landscapes but are rather the Sagumayon River but is close to a residential determined by local features. This means that area with mixed vegetation. Point count D was the quality of the area dictates the bird species located at the back of the College of Education found in the area. It is on this note that this bird (BUCE) characterized by grasses and a small survey was undertaken. With ongoing rice field. The area is frequented by students and expansion of university infrastructures, there visitors of the university because of the needs to be a comprehensive data to support abundance of fruit-bearing trees. future developments and how they may affect 86 App. Envi. Res. 41(2) (2019): 84-95 Figure 1 Map showing the Bicol University Main Campus (blue perimeter) and Kalikasan Park (yellow perimeter). Sampling sites within the main campus are marked from A-D. 1.2) Kalikasan Park Campus. This is due to the safety restrictions The Kalikasan Park is a small forested given to researchers by the land administrators of fragment immediately adjacent to Bicol the Kalikasan Park. Occurrence bird species University Main Campus. Major tree taxa sighted for a period of 20 min as modified from comprising the forest include fruit-bearing trees works of Bonthoux and Balent were (Manigfera indica, Carica papaya, Sandoricum recorded. Twenty minutes allowed observers to koetjape, Canarium ovatum, Cocos nucifera, carefully record frequency of sightings and Artocarpus heterophyllus and Syzgium sp.) and properly tally them under the proper bird evergreens such as Acacia sp. and Pterocarpus identity. The point count method was done for a indicus. Species of bamboo are likewise present period of eight consecutive days from 6:00 to within the forest. Other common trees include 10:00 o’clock in the morning and 3:00 to 5:30 in Gmenila sp., Hevea sp., and Swietenia sp. the afternoon and documented using DSLR Grasses, vines and shrubs are also found in camera (Canon 6D and Sigma 150-600 mm) and patches and close to the Sagumayon River, the identified with the aid of field guides. main source of water. A third survey was done within the Bicol University Main Campus and Kalikasan Park to 2) Sampling frequency and procedure document the bird species within the two areas. The surveys were conducted in the months of Birds species encountered visually or through January to June 2018. These months were dry or bird calls were recorded. Observed birds were summer season in the Philippines. Three bird identified using guide by Kennedy and co- surveys were conducted utilizing two methods. workers. The conservation status and The first survey was an initial assessment of the distribution of the species were assessed using bird species in the area to document their IUCN and Birdlife Database. possible occurrence in the university and forested areas. Only the presence and absence of 3) Data analysis bird species were noted and not included in the The Simpson’s Diversity Index (D) was final data in this research. calculated through the Biodiversity Pro software The second survey employed the point count as shown in Eq. 1. method only within the Bicol University Main App. Envi. Res. 41(2) (2019): 84-95 87 D = (∑n(n-1)) / N(N-1) (Eq. 1) campus. The 5 Philippine endemics are the Lowland White- eye (Zosterops meyeni), where D is the Simpson’s Diversity Index, n Philippine Coucal (Centropus viridis), Red- is the number of individuals per species, and N keeled Flowerpecker (Dicaeum australe), Indigo- is the total number of individuals of all species banded Kingfisher (Alcedo cyanopectus), and the sampled. Stripe-headed Rhabdornis (Rhabdornis mystacalis) while the 5 migratory species are the Brown Results and discussion Shrike (Lanius cristatus), Blue Rock Thrush There was a combined total of 44 species (Monticola solitaries), Common Kingfisher (Alcedo of birds documented both in the point count atthis), Grey-streaked Flycatcher (Muscicapa method and bird sighting surveys: 28 in the griseisticta), and the Grey Wagtail (Motacilla point count method and an additional 16 species cinerea). sighted during the final bird survey. For all point counts, majority of the occurrences of birds are greater in the morning than in the 1) Point count method within the Bicol afternoon. Simpson’s index of diversity is fairly University Main Campus uniform for all sampling sites with total diversity Twenty-eight species of birds belonging to index of 0.87, corresponding to a high diversity. 19 families had been identified during the point Importance Value (IV) showed that Yellow - count method (Table 1). In point count A, the vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus goiavier) had the presence of buildings and increase in urbanity of highest importance value of 43.9. This is the area mostly benefited the Eurasian Tree followed by the Chestnut Munia (Lonchura Sparrows (Passer montanus) because it served malacca) with an importance value of 37.66 two as their nesting site, while the Brown Shrikes species were also the most frequently sighted. (Lanius cristatus) used the area as its feeding Endemism is relatively high with 39% of the ground where insects and worms tend to be species being endemic to the country (Figure more abundant in the continuously disturbed 2a). Feeding guilds of the birds sighted were grasses. In point counts C and D the abundance dominated by insectivores (29%). Carnivores of fruit bearing trees and shrubs greatly favored (21%) and frugivores (21%) share the same both the Yellow-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus percentage of the total feeding guilds (Figure goiavier) and the Asian Glossy Starling (Aplonis 2b). panayensis). Likewise, the presence of water source in both sampling areas provided source of food for the Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) and the Collared Kingfisher (Todiramphus chloris). Point count D was dominated by rice fields and grasses which mostly benefited the Chestnut Munia (Lonchura malacca) for their diet of grass seeds and grains and shelter and Figure 2 Pie charts showing (a) endemism food for the Barred Rail (Gallirallus torquatus), status and (b)feeding guilds of bird species White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus), observed in Bicol University Main Campus and the Yellow Bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis). and Kalikasan Park. There were 5 Philippine endemics and 5 migratory species recorded within the main  88 Table 1 Bird species recorded within Bicol University Main Campus Family Scientific name Common Feeding Sampling area %RF IV name guild A B C D Total Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Common Carnivore - - 7 - 7 0.24 0.48 Kingfisher Ceyx cyanopectus Northern Indigo- Carnivore - - 4 - 4 0.14 0.28 banded Kingfisher Todiramphus Collared Carnivore - 20 24 7 51 1.76 3.51 chloris Kingfisher Apodidae Collocalia Glossy Swiftlet Insectivore 45 24 41 60 170 5.85 11.70 esculenta Ardeidae Egretta garzetta Little Egret Carnivore 32 57 88 68 245 8.43 16.87 Egretta intermedia Intermediate Carnivore - - 4 - 4 0.14 0.28 Egret Ixobrychus Yellow Bittern Carnivore - - - 11 11 0.38 0.76 sinensis Campephagidae Lalage nigra Pied Triller Insectivore 2 2 - - 4 0.14 0.28 Columbidae Chalcophaps Common Frugivore - 1 1 - 2 0.07 0.14 indica Emerald Dove Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Granivore 16 8 17 37 78 2.69 5.37 Rhampiculus Black-chinned Frugivore 1 - - - 1 0.03 0.07 leclancheri Fruit Dove Cuculidae Centropus viridis Philippine Insectivore - - 4 2 6 0.21 0.41 Coucal Dicaeidae Dicaeum australe Red-keeled Frugivore 4 18 2 4 28 0.96 1.93 Flowerpecker Estrildidae Lonchura malacca Chestnut Munia Granivore 47 26 65 409 547 18.83 37.66 App. Envi. Res. 41(2) (2019): 84-95 Laniidae Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Insectivore 72 20 43 74 209 7.19 14.39  Table 1 Bird species recorded within Bicol University Main Campus (continued) Family Scientific name Common Feeding Sampling Area %RF IV name guild A B C D Total Motacillidae Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Insectivore - 2 5 8 15 0.52 1.03 Muscicapidae Monticola Blue Rock- Omnivore 2 - - - 2 0.07 0.14 solitarius thrush Muscicapa Grey-streaked Insectivore - 9 2 - 11 0.38 0.76 griseiticta Flycatcher Nectariniidae Cinnyris jugularis Olive – back Nectarivore 46 29 18 2 95 3.27 6.54 App. Envi. Res. 41(2) (2019): 84-95 Sunbird Oriolidae Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Frugivore 9 4 - - 13 0.45 0.90 Oriole Passeridae Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Granivore 65 36 - 29 130 4.48 8.95 Sparrow Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus Yellow – vented Frugivore 28 155 291 164 638 21.96 43.92 goiavier Bulbul Rallidae Amaurornis White-breasted Omnivore - - - 30 30 1.03 2.07 phoenicurus Waterhen Gallirallus Barred Rail Omnivore - 4 6 25 35 1.20 2.41 torquatus Rhipiduridae Rhipidura Philippine Pied Insectivore 6 48 17 2 73 2.51 5.03 nigritorquis Fantail Sturnidae Aplonis Asian Glossy Frugivore 20 126 116 176 438 15.08 30.15 panayensis Starling Rhabdornis Stripe-headed Omnivore - 15 3 - 18 0.62 1.29 mystacalis Rhabdornis Zosteropidae Zosterops meyeni Lowland White- Insectivore - 40 - - 40 1.38 2.75 eye Total Total 395 644 758 1108 2095 100.00 100.00 Simpson’s Simpson’s 0.88 0.87 0.8 0.8 0.87 Diversity Index Diversity Index Remark: F = frequency; RF = relative frequency; IV = importance value 89 90 App. Envi. Res. 41(2) (2019): 84-95 2) Bird sightings within the Bicol University species since the observation areas are slightly Main Campus and Kalikasan Park disturbed and exposed to human activities. The lack of parallel sampling using point count method within the Kalikasan Park limited 3) Bicol University as a potential avian buffer the comparison of bird species with the main and safe zone campus. Thus, this research only relied with the Urbanization has functionally pushed the presence or absence of a bird species within the boundaries of forests and green spaces, specified areas (Table 2). Representative significantly affecting flora and fauna [18-19]. species sighted are shown in Figure 3. The mere transformation of land areas into Particularly in Kalikasan Park, thirty-two urban landscapes and the corresponding species belonging to 22 families were recorded. pollutions have altered habitats necessary for These species observations were significantly normal ecosystem functioning. This has higher compared to the observations within the repercussions on many facets of biodiversity main campus of Bicol University with only and the ecosystem services we derive from seventeen (17) species belonging to 16 families. them. These include biotic homogenization , The forested Kalikasan Park evidently provided effects on species richness and diversity more refuge and less disturbance to the bird of plants and animals, and ecosystem species. There were several observations of the services as quantified by soil conservation, food rare and easily disturbed species like the Barrel production and carbon sequestration. The Rail (Gallirallus torquatus) and the Common trend towards the creation of green spaces as Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica) only within well as the rise of environment-friendly urban the Kalikasan Park. zones that somehow mimic natural habitats may Eleven Philippine endemics were recorded. buffer these effects. These were Zosterops meyeni, Centropus viridis, It has already been documented how Dicaeum australe, Pycnonotus goiavier, urbanization can impact bird assemblage. Phapitreron leucotis, Bolbopsittacus lunulatus, At the University of the Philippines - Diliman Loriculus philippensis, Picoides maculatus, campus for example , an area very similar to Hypsipetes philippinus, Copsychus mindanensis, Bicol University in terms of vegetation and and Orthotomus derbianus. Only five of these infrastructure layout, bird assemblage was found were recorded during the point count method. to be non-homogenous with areas allowing Twenty or 59% of the species observed were some species to exist. While green spaces are residents and two (2) species (Lanius cristatus known to provide unique species avian and Egretta garzetta) were migratory. No species assemblage, urbanization may contribute to are included in the threatened category of the decreased avian diversity. While IUCN. Most of the birds observed were anthropogenic disturbances have negative categorized as common forest and urban bird impacts, species of birds respond differently to habitat components. App. Envi. Res. 41(2) (2019): 84-95 91 Table 2 Comparison of avian assemblage between Bicol University Main campus and Kalikasan Park Scientific name Common name Status University Kalikasan Campus Park Aplonis panayensis Asian Glossy Starling Resident P P Bolbopsittacus lunulatus Guaiabero Endemic - P Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Resident - P Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Endemic P P Chalcophaps indica Common Emerald Dove Resident - P Cinnyris jugularis Olive-back Sunbird Resident P P Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet Resident P P Copsychus mindanensis Philippine Magpie Robin Endemic - P Dicaeum australe Red-keeled Flowerpecker Endemic P P Egretta garzetta Little Egret Migratory P - Gallirallus torquatus Barred Rail Resident - P Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Resident P P Gerygone sulphurea Golden-bellied Gerygone Resident - P Hirundo javanica House Swallow Resident - P Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine Bulbul Endemic - P Lalage nigra Pied Triller Resident P - Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Migratory P P Leptocoma sperata Purple-throated Sunbird Resident - P Lonchura leucogastra White-bellied Munia Resident - P Lonchura malacca Chestnut Munia Resident P P Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia Resident - P Loriculus philippensis Colasisi Endemic - P Macropygia tenuirostris Philippine Cuckoo-dove Resident - P Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole Resident - P Orthotomus derbianus Grey-backed Tailorbird Endemic - P Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow Resident P P Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown Dove Endemic - P Philippine Pygmy Picoides maculatus Endemic - P Woodpecker Psilopogon haemacephalus Coppersmith Barbet Resident P P Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul Endemic P P Rhipidura nigritorquis Philippine Pied Fantail - P P Streptopelia tranquebarica Red Turtle Dove Resident P P Todiramphus chloris Collared Kingfisher Resident P P Zosterops meyeni Lowland White-eye Endemic P P Total 17 32 Remark: P = present 92 App. Envi. Res. 41(2) (2019): 84-95 Figure 3 Representative bird species recorded within Bicol University Main Campus and Kalikasan Park: (a) Asian glossy starling; (b) brown shrike; (c) coppersmith barbet; (d) collared kingfisher); (e) guaiabero; (f)grey-backed tailorbird; (g) lowland white-eye; (h) olive-backed sunbird; (i) red-keeled flowerpecker; (j) Philippine coucal; (k) yellow-vented bulbul; (l) white-eared brown dove; (m) zebra dove. App. Envi. Res. 41(2) (2019): 84-95 93 It remains unclear how much influence area, and actively promoting a balance between urbanization in Legazpi City exerts towards development and conservation. avian diversity as there is no comprehensive baseline surveys to compare with. This research, 4) Indications of anthropogenic disturbance likewise, is descriptive, and analysis is limited to avian fauna of Bicol University to related literature conducted in an analogous Ongoing construction and development of setting. The uniqueness of Bicol University as new buildings and bridges within the observation a potential buffer zone for avian diversity is areas may have affected several species of birds, vested on it being a fusion of a forest and an including flora and fauna, previously recorded urbanized location. The university sits in in the area. These included the Striped-headed between a forest fragment as its backdrop and Rhabdornis (Rhabdornis mystacalis) and a busy modern city at its foreground, creating Northern Indigo-banded Kingfisher (Ceyx a link in this ecosystem gradient. This creates cyanopectus). These bird species are quite rare a management challenge because avian diversity, in other parts of the country but was easily as an important parcel of overall biodiversity, recorded within the campus during a visit by a depends on the university to limit encroachment joint ocular survey by the BU Department of of the limited forest space as well as to be, by Biology and Haribon Foundation in 2015. This itself, a safe space for avian species running may be indicative of anthropogenic disturbance away from city elements. of the area. Such instance was already documented Bird innate status of whether they are in the University of the Philippines Diliman endemic, metropolitan or migratory among campus where ecological replacements of once others, have outreaching policy implications. numerous species were observed in areas with While effects of habitat loss and fragmentation most infrastructure development. are different in various bird communities , avian diversity strongly depends on securing Conclusion safe habitats. For instance, tree endemism has This study provided a baseline information long been known to be linked with avian on the bird species within Bicol University main diversity. Birds recognize specific tree species. campus and the adjacent Kalikasan Park forest The absence of endemic trees and the fragment. Forty-four species were recorded with proliferation of invasive species alter the avian 11 Philippine endemics. Avian diversity was community of the area. Among the birds sighted high. Higher number of species were recorded in this study, 21.43% are directly dependent on within the Kalikasan Park than in the main fruit-bearing trees as frugivores, and 28.57% campus because of anthropogenic disturbances which are insectivores may indirectly be affected in the latter. Diet of birds observed in this study by the absence of trees because of the insects is majority composed of insects while still a which may reside in them. Vis a vis the large portion are carnivores and frugivores. protection of birds is the protection of their Because of the limited quantitative data within habitat, securing for them a safe space on which Kalikasan Park, minimal comparison was done. to nest, roost and forage with minimal Additional observations within the fragmented disturbance. This includes a tree management forest is therefore recommended and monitoring plan, limiting anthropogenic activities in the of the avian fauna alongside the expansion of the university. 94 App. Envi. 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