Cardiovascular System Part-3 (ANAT 211, 212, 213) 2023-24 PDF

Cardiovascular System Part-3 Anatomy Course ANAT 211, 212 and 213 Term 2, 2023-24 Basic Sciences Department, COSHP, KSAU-HS, KSA Cardiovascular System Part-3 By the end of this session the student should be able to: Describe the major arteries and veins supplying /draining different regions of the b...

Cardiovascular System Part-3 Anatomy Course ANAT 211, 212 and 213 Term 2, 2023-24 Basic Sciences Department, COSHP, KSAU-HS, KSA Cardiovascular System Part-3 By the end of this session the student should be able to: Describe the major arteries and veins supplying /draining different regions of the body and discuss in terms of continuation/formation and their locations. Explain types of blood circulation (systemic, pulmonary and portal). Define arterial and venous anastomoses. Recognize the common sites of arterial pulsations and venipuncture. Major Arteries of the body Aorta is a main arterial trunk beginning from left ventricle. It supply oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. It has three parts: Ascending aorta arises from left ventricle and feeds coronary circulation (myocardium) by right and left coronary arteries Arch of aorta is a continuation of ascending aorta and feeds upper limbs, neck, head and face regions. Its branches are: Brachiocephalic trunk (which divides into right common carotid and right subclavian), left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery Descending aorta is a continuation of arch of aorta and feeds thorax (thoracic part), abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs (abdominal part) Arteries of the Head & Neck Right and left common carotid arteries. Each divide into external carotid artery for face and neck and internal carotid artery for brain. Right and left vertebral arteries for brain. Cerebral arteries: Circle of Willis that is formed by internal carotid and vertebral artery Internal carotid artery Vertebral artery Arteries of the Upper Limb Subclavian is a main artery of the upper limb. At the outer border of 1st rib it becomes the axillary artery Axillary artery supplies the shoulder region, and at the lower border of axilla it becomes brachial artery Brachial artery descends in the arm and supplies the upper arm. At the cubital fossa, it divides into radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial) arteries for forearm. In the hand these form the palmer arches that supply hand Descending Aorta Thoracic Aorta supply the thoracic wall and structures in thorax. Its branches are: Bronchial arteries: supply bronchi and lungs Esophageal arteries: supply esophagus Mediastinal arteries: supply mediastinal structures Pericardial arteries: supply pericardium Paired intercostal arteries: supply thoracic wall Superior phrenic arteries: supply diaphragm Abdominal Aorta is a continuation of thoracic aorta at diaphragm and terminates at L4 by dividing in to two common iliac arteries. It gives of: 3 unpaired and 5 paired branches Unpaired arteries (supply the GIT): Celiac trunk, Superior mesenteric artery and Inferior mesenteric artery Paired arteries: Inferior phrenic arteries, Suprarenal arteries, Renal arteries, Gonadal arteries and Lumbar arteries Arteries of the Lower Limb Common iliac arteries divide into: internal iliac artery and external iliac arteries Internal iliac artery supplies blood to pelvic muscles and visceral structures External iliac artery supplies the lower limb and is a direct continuation of the common iliac artery. At the mid-inguinal point the external iliac becomes the femoral artery. Femoral artery runs as a single trunk from the inguinal ligament to the lower third of the thigh and at the back of knee it becomes the popliteal artery. Popliteal artery, at the lower border of popliteus muscle the popliteal artery divides into 1-Anterior tibial artery which continues to the dorsum of foot as dorsalis pedis artery. 2-Posterior tibial artery which runs to the sole of foot as plantar arches (lateral and medial arches) Major Veins of the Body Cephalic veins from the lateral side and basilic veins from the medial side drains into axillary veins when it comes below the clavicle it becomes the subclavian veins (drain blood from upper limbs). Right and left brachiocephalic veins are formed on each side by the union of internal jugular veins (drain blood from head and neck) and subclavian veins. Both the brachiocephalic veins unite to form superior vena cava. Superior vena cava begins posterior to the right first costal cartilage, where the right and left brachiocephalic veins join, and terminates at the lower edge of the right third costal cartilage, where it joins the right atrium Major Veins of the Body Small saphenous vein drain into popliteal vein (part of femoral vein). Great saphenous vein drain into femoral vein. The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein in abdomen. The external iliac vein joins with internal iliac vein to form common iliac vein. The right and left common iliac veins joins to form inferior vena cava. Collage of Sciences and Health Professions Major Veins of the Body The inferior vena cava returns blood from all structures below the diaphragm to the right atrium It is formed by the union of the two common iliac veins at the level of vertebra L4 It ascends through the posterior abdominal region anterior to the vertebral column immediately to the right of the abdominal aorta It leaves the abdomen by piercing the diaphragm at the level of vertebra T8 and enters in the lower part of the right atrium Types of Blood Circulation Main types of the circulation are: Systemic circulation consists of aorta and its branches leading to all body tissues and veins returning blood to the right atrium. Pulmonary circulation consists of right ventricle pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lungs and return by way of four pulmonary veins to left atrium. ? Types of Blood Circulation Portal circulation: normally blood flow from artery to capillary bed then to vein and back to heart. In the portal circulation it has to pass through two sets of capillaries Examples: Liver, Hypophysis Pituitary and kidney nephrons Anastomoses Point where 2 blood vessels merge Arterial anastomosis Two arteries merge Arterial anastomoses provide alternate pathways (collateral channels). If one branch is blocked, the collateral channel can supply the area with adequate blood supply Venous anastomosis Most common type of anastomosis Alternate drainage of organs Dorsal venous arch Arteriovenous shunt Basilic vein Cephalic vein Artery flows directly into vein e.g. fingers, external ear, skin of nose and lips. End arteries do not form anastomoses, only one route; e.g. renal artery, splenic artery Functional end arteries have small anastomoses; e.g. coronary arteries Deep palmar arch Radial artery Superficial palmar arch Ulnar artery Common Sites of the Arterial Pulsation Head and Neck: Carotid pulse: pulsation of the common carotid artery is palpated on lateral side of the neck below the lower jaw Temporal pulse: pulsation of the superficial temporal artery is palpated on the temporal in front of the ear Upper Limb: Radial pulse: pulsation of radial artery is palpated on the ventral aspect of the wrist near base of the thumb Brachial pulse: pulsation of brachial artery is palpated on the ventral aspect of the elbow Axillary pulse: pulsation of the axillary artery is palpated in the axilla Common Sites of the Arterial Pulsation Lower Limb: Femoral pulse: pulsation of the femoral artery is palpated in the thigh below the inguinal ligament at mid inguinal point Popliteal pulse: pulsation of the popliteal artery is palpated in the popliteal fossa on the posterior aspect of knee Dorsalis pedis pulse: pulsation of dorsalis pedis artery is palpated in front of the ankle Posterior tibial pulse: pulsation of the posterior tibial artery is palpated below and behind the medial malleolus Common sites of Venipuncture Venipuncture is an invasive procedure performed to access the veins for the purpose of drawing the blood samples and introducing intravenous therapy Most common sites and veins accessed are: Median cubital vein is accessed over the cubital fossa and serves as a communicating channel between the cephalic vein and basilic vein Cephalic vein is accessed on the ventral and outer aspect of forearm below the elbow joint. It can be accessed in arm Basilic vein is accessed on the ventral aspect of forearm below the elbow joint Dorsal metacarpal veins could be accessed on the dorsum of hand