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INFERTILITY  Infertility Infertility: inability of couples to conceive a clinical pregnancy after 1 year or more of trying. There are 2 types of infertility: Primary infertility refers to couples who have not become pregnant after at least 1 year having sex without using birth control meth...

INFERTILITY  Infertility Infertility: inability of couples to conceive a clinical pregnancy after 1 year or more of trying. There are 2 types of infertility: Primary infertility refers to couples who have not become pregnant after at least 1 year having sex without using birth control methods. Secondary infertility refers to couples who have been able to get pregnant at least once, but now are unable. Causes Many physical and emotional factors can cause infertility. It may be due to problems in the woman, man, or both. Female infertility may occur when: 1. A fertilized egg or embryo does not survive once it attaches to the lining of the womb (uterus). 2. The fertilized egg does not attach to the lining of the uterus. 3. The eggs cannot move from the ovaries to the uterus. 4. The ovaries have problems producing eggs.  Female infertility may be caused by: 1. Autoimmune disorders, such 8. Medicines such as as antiphospholipid syndrome chemotherapy drugs (APS) 9. Hormone imbalances 2. Birth defects that affect the 10. Being overweight or reproductive tract underweight 11. Older age 3. Cancer or tumor 12. Ovarian cysts and polycystic 4. Clotting disorders ovary syndrome (PCOS) 5. Drinking too much alcohol 13. Pelvic infection pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) 6. Eating disorders or poor nutrition 14. Thyroid disease 7. Growths (such as fibroids or polyps) in the uterus and cervix Male Infertility Male infertility may be due to: 1. Decreased number of sperm 2. Blockage that prevents the sperm from being released 3. Defects in the sperm Male infertility can be caused by: 1. Birth defects 2. Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation 3. Exposure to high heat for prolonged periods 4. Heavy use of alcohol, marijuana, or cocaine 5. Hormone imbalance 6. Infection 7. Obesity 8. Older age 9. Retrograde ejaculation 10. Toxins in the environment Fertility Treatments for Females Clomiphene or Clomiphene Citrate Letrozole Gonadotropins or Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Bromocriptine or Cabergoline  Fertility Treatments for Females Clomiphene or Clomiphene Citrate Clomiphene is a medication patients take by mouth (orally). It causes the body to make more of the hormones that cause the eggs to mature in the ovaries.2 If a woman does not become pregnant after taking clomiphene for six menstrual cycles, a health care provider may prescribe other fertility treatments. Patients take clomiphene in the beginning of the menstrual cycle. Clomiphene causes ovulation to occur in 80% of women treated. About half of those who ovulate are able to achieve a pregnancy or live birth.2 Use of clomiphene increases the risk of having a multiple pregnancy. There is a 10% chance of twins, but having triplets or more is rare—less than 1% of cases.2 Letrozole Letrozole is an oral pill that decreases the amount of estrogen a woman makes, stimulating her ovaries to release eggs. Patients take letrozole toward the end of their menstrual cycle for around 5 days. letrozole may work better than clomiphene in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.5  Fertility Treatments for Females Gonadotropins and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Gonadotropins such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are hormones that are injected in a woman to directly stimulate eggs to grow in the ovaries, leading to ovulation.2 Health care providers normally prescribe gonadotropins when a woman does not respond to clomiphene or to stimulate follicle growth for assisted reproductive technology (ART). Gonadotropins are injected in the early part of the menstrual cycle for 7 to 12 days. While a woman is treated with gonadotropins, a health care provider uses transvaginal ultrasound to monitor the size of the developing eggs, which grow inside tiny sacs called follicles. The health care providers also draw blood frequently to check the ovarian production of estrogen. The chance of a multiple birth is higher with gonadotropins than with clomiphene, and 30% of women who conceive a pregnancy with this medication have multiple births.2 About two-thirds of multiple births are twins. Triplets or larger multiple births account for the remaining third. hCG is a hormone similar to luteinizing hormone that can be used to trigger release of the egg after the follicles have developed.  Fertility Treatments for Females Bromocriptine or Cabergoline Bromocriptine and cabergoline are pills taken orally to treat abnormally high levels of the hormone prolactin, which can interfere with ovulation. Pituitary growths; certain medications, including antidepressants; kidney disease; and thyroid disease can cause high levels of prolactin. Bromocriptine or cabergoline allow 90% of women to have normal prolactin levels. Once prolactin levels become normal, 85% of women using bromocriptine or cabergoline ovulate. Surgery to remove patches of endometriosis has been found to double the chances for pregnancy. Surgery can also be used to remove uterine fibroids, polyps, or scarring, which can affect fertility.  1.medical treatment a. Gonadotropin b. clomiphene citrate c. letrozole 2. surgical treatment a. laparoscopic surgery b. tubal ligation reversal c. tubal surgeries 3. reproductive assistance a. intrauterine insemination IUI b. in vitro fertilization IVF c. therapeutic donor insemination TDI  male infertility treatement male infertility treatement With modern technology and methods, the number of treatment options for male infertility has expanded. Depending on the cause of infertility, treatments may include: Medications: Hormone therapy to increase the number of sperm. Lifestyle changes: Get and maintain a healthy body weight by exercising and eating a healthy diet. Stop smoking. Stop drinking. Stop using marijuana. Stop any illegal drug use.  male infertility treatement Surgeries: Vasectomy reversal: This common procedure is an outpatient surgery. The surgeon reconnects your vas deferens which is the tube in the scrotum through which your sperm passes. Viewing the vas deferens through a high-power surgical microscope, the surgeon carefully sews the ends back together. Vasopididymostomy: Blockages in your vas deferens are repaired with a similar technique. Your vas deferens is surgically split, the blockage is removed and the ends of the tube are reconnected. When the original vasectomy was performed many years previously, an additional blockage may have formed in the epididymis, the coiled tube that lies against your testicle where sperm cells mature. Blockage at the epididymis also can occur due to infection or injury. Whatever the cause, your surgeon will fix the problem by bypassing the blockage in the epididymis.  Sperm Retrieval: In some severe cases, a biopsy of the testicle is required to find sperm. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: Artificial techniques of reproduction have advanced to the point where a single sperm can be physically injected into an egg. This procedure, called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has dramatically changed the treatment available for even the most severe male factor infertility. Because of this technique, 90% of all infertile males have the potential to conceive their own genetic child. In vitro fertilization: For some couples dealing with male infertility, in vitro fertilization (IVF) is the treatment of choice. During the IVF process, the ovaries are stimulated with injectable fertility medications to cause multiple eggs to mature. When the eggs are ready, they are collected in a minor procedure. Fertilization is accomplished by exposing the eggs to sperm in a culture dish, or by directly injecting a single sperm into each mature egg, a process called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (see above). After fertilization, embryo development is monitored over the next three to five days, and two to three embryos are then placed into the uterus by way of a small catheter inserted through the cervix THANK YOU