Digestive System PDF

# Youtube video link(s) to this presentation 12Digestion: https://youtu.be/yaXRXQYsVpQ Great animated video on Digestion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3TAROotFfM Anatomy of the Digestive System -Institute of Human Anatomy (34) Anatomy of the Digestive System - YouTube The power of poop: What...

# Youtube video link(s) to this presentation 12Digestion: https://youtu.be/yaXRXQYsVpQ Great animated video on Digestion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3TAROotFfM Anatomy of the Digestive System -Institute of Human Anatomy (34) Anatomy of the Digestive System - YouTube The power of poop: What fecal transplants can and cannot treat (34) The power of poop: What fecal transplants can and cannot treat - YouTube # Digestive System An image shows a silhouette of a woman eating. # Gastrovascular cavity - Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. An image shows a cross section of an organism, highlighting a gastrovascular cavity. Also shown is a labelled diagram of cells, labelled with the Golgi apparatus, and a lysosome. # Digestive System - Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. An image shows an organism labelled with the following parts: mouth, pharynx, digestive tract. # Digestive System - Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. An image shows an organism labelled with the following parts: anus, intestine, typhlosole, gizzard, esophagus, mouth, crop, pharynx. # Teeth - Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. An image shows three skulls, labelled a, b, and c, with the teeth labelled: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. # Human Digestive System - Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. An image shows a human with the following parts of the digestive system labelled: pharynx, oral cavity, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, diaphragm, liver, gallbladder, common bile duct, duodenum, transverse colon, ascending colon, cecum, appendix, anus, stomach, pancreas, pancreatic duct, small intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal. # Digestion - Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. An image shows a human head from a side profile with the following parts labelled: hard palate, soft palate, nasopharynx, tonsil, uvula, bolus, epiglottis covering glottis, trachea, esophagus. # Human Digestive System An image shows a human with the following parts of the digestive system labelled: salivary glands, esophagus, parotid, sublingual, submandibular, pharynx, oral cavity, tongue, diaphragm, liver, gallbladder, duodenum, transverse colon, ascending colon, cecum, appendix, anus, stomach, pancreas, pancreatic duct, common bile duct, small intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/ # Digestion ## 1. Digestion - An extracellular (outside of your cells) process - Involves both a physical and chemical process which reduces (break down) food into small soluble molecules ## II. Absorption - Absorption of these soluble molecules from your intestine into the blood - Soluble molecules include amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, and simple sugars (eg.glucose or fructose etc.) # The Path of Food (from the mouth to the anus) ## Mouth: - chewing: mechanical digestion by 32 adult teeth - salivary glands: produce saliva (contains the enzyme *amylase* which converts starch to maltose) - tongue: moves food from side to side; rolls food into a ball called a bolus. ## Pharynx - contains epiglottis which closes off the trachea (breathing tube) when swallowing. # Human Digestive System: The Path of Food An image shows the path of food from mouth to stomach, with the following parts labelled: tongue, pharynx, glottis, larynx, trachea, bolus of food, epiglottis up, esophageal sphincter contracted, esophagus, to lungs, to stomach. # Human Digestive System: The Path of Food An image shows the path of food from mouth to stomach, with the following parts labelled: tongue, pharynx, glottis, larynx, trachea, bolus of food, epiglottis up, esophageal sphincter contracted, esophagus, to lungs, to stomach, epiglottis down, glottis up and closed, esophageal sphincter relaxed, epiglottis up, glottis down and open, esophageal sphincter contracted, relaxed muscles, contracted muscles , relaxed muscles, stomach. - Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. # Peristalsis - Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. An image shows peristalsis, labelled with bolus. # Stomach - Pepsinogen (not active -proenzyme) is converted to pepsin in presence of HCI (Hydrochloric Acid) - Protein + H₂O → *pepsin* → Peptides - Mucus lining protects the stomach from self destruction - Bacteria (Helicobacter pylori) may cause "ulcers" ulcers = open wounds in the stomach ## Functions: 1. Some mechanical and chemical digestion 2. Storage 3. Acidic environment kills microbes # Stomach - Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. An image showing the interior surface of the stomach, labelled with: gastric gland, mucus cells, chief cells, parietal cells and a cross-section of the stomach labelled: Pyloric sphincter, food particle, gastric juice, epithelium, stomach, pepsinogen, pepsin (active enzyme), HCI. # Pyloric Sphincter - Ring of muscle which controls the amount of acid chyme leaving the stomach # Duodenum - Contains enzymes that can digest everything - Pancreas produces digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to neutralize acid chyme. The liver produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder. An image shows a cross-section of the duodenum and the following parts labelled: Bile, Liver, Gall Bladder, Bile, Intestinal Juice, Acid chyme , Pancreatic Juice, Pancreas, Duodenum of small intestine. - Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. # KNOW table 9.3 pg. 274 - Note: - Nucleic acid + H₂O → *nuclease* → Nucleotides - Trypsinogen → *enterokinase* → Trypsin - Fat + H2O → *bile* → Fat droplets Bile is not an enzyme, it is an emulsifier. This is physical or mechanical digestion # The Small Intestine - Specialized in absorption - Long convoluted walls which contain villi and microvilli for increased surface area. - Amino acids and sugars are absorbed into the blood - Fatty acid and glycerol are absorbed into the lacteals (part of the lymphatic system – SEE SECTION 10.6, P315-318) An image shows a scanning electron micrograph of the small intestine, labelled with: Small intestine, SEM, Su, Mu, 41. - (62) Lymphatic Filariasis - (Elephantiasis) - YouTube - Lymphatic Filariasis - (Elephantiasis) An image shows a scanning electron micrograph of the small intestine. # Small Intestine - Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. An image shows a cross-section of the small intestine labelled: small intestine, lumen, villus, section of intestinal wall, lymph nodule, lacteal, blood capillaries, goblet cell, arteriole, venule, lymphatic vessel, villi, 100 µm, villus, microvilli. # Small Intestine - Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. An image shows a cross-section of the small intestine labelled: vein carrying blood to hepatic portal vessel, epithelial cells, microvilli (brush border), muscle layers, large circular folds, villi, lumen, blood capillaries, lacteal, intestinal wall, villi, epithelial cells. # Large Intestine (Colon): - Consists of 3 parts: 1. Ascending colon 2. Transverse colon 3. Descending colon - Inhabited by E.coli, which further breaks down chyme and produces vitamin K - Main function is H₂O Reabsorption # Rectum - Holds feces - Stretch receptors sense "fullness” of rectum # Anus - Point of elimination of feces. Controlled by the anal sphincter. # Colon An image shows a diagram of the colon and rectum Labelled with: stomach, transverse colon, ascending colon, cecum, descending colon, appendix, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus, small intestine. # Human Digestive System - Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. An image shows a human with the following parts of the digestive system labelled: tongue, parotid gland, sublingual gland, submandibular gland, salivary glands, ascending portion of large intestine, ileum of small intestine , gall-bladder, pancreas, appendix, cecum, rectum, liver, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, cardiac orifice, pyloric sphincter, stomach, small intestine, duodenum of small intestine, large intestine, anus. # Body atlas – the food machine (40) The Food Machine | Part 6 | Discovery Channel Body Atlas - YouTube # Table 36.3 - Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A table showing vitamins, their major role in the body, and their good food sources. # Table 36.4 - Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A table showing minerals, their major role in the body, and their good food sources.