-1.2- Fundamental Concepts of Ecology and Evolution.pdf

General Ecology ECOLOGY 215, 1st Semester Lecture 1.2 Fundamental Concepts of Ecology and Evolution Emmanuel Lozano Department of BIOLOGY dhvsu.edu.ph COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY Non-living factors at pla...

General Ecology ECOLOGY 215, 1st Semester Lecture 1.2 Fundamental Concepts of Ecology and Evolution Emmanuel Lozano Department of BIOLOGY dhvsu.edu.ph COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY Non-living factors at play in an ecosystem. Abiotic Environment, nutrients, energy COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY All the living factors such as plants, animals, microbes, etc. Biotic Interact with each other. Charles Robert Darwin  COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY Evolution by Means of Natural Selection 01 02 Descendancy Chance of variation Organisms beget like organisms Some of these variations are heritable (appearance, behavior, function) from parent to offspring.  COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY Evolution by Means of Natural Selection 03 02 Limited resource Differential survival Malthusian belief that more Some individuals fare better in terms offspring are produced than what of survival and reproduction. can be sustained. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY An evolutionary process that changes anatomy, physiology, Adaptation or behavior, resulting in improved survivability. Appears intentional, but is not. Gregor Johann Mendel COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY Each inherited trait is defined by a pair of genes. Law of Segregation Parental genes separate (are haploid) COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY Genes for different traits are Law of sorted separately from one another so the inheritance of Independent one is not affected by another. Assortment There are certain exceptions to this. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the Law of form that is dominant from the other. Dominance Dominant vs recessive  COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY Evolutionary Ecology Study of how interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment evolve. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY  COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY Variation within Populations Phenotypic variation among individuals in a population results from the combined effects of the genes and the environment. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY VP = V G + V E Phenotype Model for phenotypic variation. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY (Clausen, Keck, & Hiesey, 1940) COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY (Clausen, Keck, & Hiesey, 1940) COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY (Clausen, Keck, & Hiesey, 1940) COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY Changing the expression of traits (phenotype) based on the Phenotypic environment. Plasticity Contextually different from adaptation COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY Genetic differences among populations AND adaptation to Results their natural environment. (Alpine plants in the lowlands went dormant in the winter, lowland plants did not) COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES GENERAL ECOLOGY Locally adapted and genetically distinct populations within the Ecotypes same species. (Alpine plants in the lowlands went dormant in the winter, lowland plants did not) COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Evolution is a process of change over time in a population of Summary organisms. Charles Darwin and Johann Mendel contributed the major foundations of evolution and genetics. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Evolutionary ecology concerns itself with the change of the interactions among Summary organisms and the environment. Phenotypic variation among individuals come from both genes and the environment. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Phenotypic plasticity is the ability to change the expression of genes to increase Summary fitness in an environment. The 1940 experiments of Clausen, Keck, & Hiesey demonstrated ecotypes. Don Honorio Ventura State University