Clay Product PDF

1 CLAY PRODUCTS 8/21/2024  CLAY PRODUCTS OTHERS(EARTHERNWARE,TER BRICKS CLAY TILES RACOTTA,STONEARE & PROCELAIN) 8/21/2024...

1 CLAY PRODUCTS 8/21/2024  CLAY PRODUCTS OTHERS(EARTHERNWARE,TER BRICKS CLAY TILES RACOTTA,STONEARE & PROCELAIN) 8/21/2024 2  BRICKS:IS:1077-1957 AND 1970 8/21/2024 3 BRICKS:INTRODUCTION 8/21/2024 4 BRICKS:INTRODUCTION 8/21/2024 5 BRICKS:SIZE 8/21/2024 6 BRICKS:SIZE 8/21/2024 7 8/21/2024 8  Brick laying : with mortar brick size becomes (20X10X10)mm Material that was used in mortar (mix of cement and sand or lime with sand or cement + lime + sand Ratio of cement mortar (binder)cement : sand = 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 Thickness or mortar normally in range 6.5mm - 9mm and sometimes quite larger Plastering: done after brick lying. The purpose is to get a smooth surface for painting, good appearance, good finishing to brick joints and uniformity in color. 8/21/2024 9 BRICK WORK before plastering. For brick face wall first class brick must be used. Cornices Scaffolding Brickwork RRM wall 8/21/2024 10 Ingredients of good bricks earth Silica :retain shape, durability, prevents shrinkage 50-60% Alumia: absorbs water and renders clay plastic 20-30% Lime: reduce shrinkage on drying and proper binding 10% Magnesia: reduce warping< 1% Ferric oxide: imparts color to brick < 7% Alkalis < 10% Carbon dioxide Sulphur trioxide very small % water 8/21/2024 11 Qualities of a Good Quality Brick Size and shape: should have uniform size and plane, rectangular surfaces with parallel sides and sharp edges. Color: should have a uniform deep red or cherry color as indicative of uniformity in chemical composition and thoroughness of in the burning of the brick. Texture and compactness: surface should not be too smooth to cause slipping of mortar. The brick should have pre compact and uniform texture. Hardness and soundness: the brick should be so hard that when scratched by a finger nail no impression is made. When two bricks are struck together a metallic sound should be produced. Water Absorption: should not exceed 20% of its dry weight when immersed in water for 24 hrs. Brick earth: should be free from stones, organic matter … Crushing strength: should not be less than 10 N/mm2 8/21/2024 12 Manufacturing of clay bricks Preparation of brick earth Note: EXPLAIN the process involved in detail. 8/21/2024 13  CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS BRICKS On Field On The basis of On the basis of On the basis of On The basis of On The basis of Practice Strength use types Finish Burning Class 3.5-35 First Class Bricks Common Bricks Solid Sand Faced Pale Mpa Second Class Facing Bricks Perforated Rustic Body Bricks Third Class Engineering Hollow Arch Bricks Bricks Fourth Class Cellular Bricks 8/21/2024 14 Classification of clay bricks On field practice: Classified based on their physical and mechanical properties. First class Second class Third class 8/21/2024 15 First class brick Thoroughly burnt and deep red, cherry or copper colour. The surface should be smooth and rectangular, with parallel, sharp and straight edges and square corners. These should be free from flaws, cracks and stones. These should have uniform texture. No impression should be left on the brick when scratch is made by the finger nail. The metallic or ringing sound should come when two bricks are struck against each other. Water absorption should be 12-15% of its dry weight when immersed in cold water for 24 hours. The crushing strength of the brick should not be less than 10 N/mm2 Uses: recommended for pointing, exposed face work in masonry structure, flooring and reinforced brick work. 8/21/2024 16 First class brick 8/21/2024 17 Second class bricks Same requirements like first class except Small cracks and distortion permitted. A little higher water absorption of about 16-20% of its dry weight is allowed. The crushing strength should not be less than 7.0 N/mm2 Uses: important and unimportant hidden masonry works and centering of reinforced brick work and RCC structures. 8/21/2024 18 second class brick 8/21/2024 19 Third class brick Are under burnt. Soft and light colored producing a dull sound when struck against each other. Water absorption is about 25% of dry weight. The crushing strength should not be less than 3.5 N/mm2 Uses: used for building temporary structures. 8/21/2024 20 Third Class Brick 8/21/2024 21 Fourth class Bricks Are over burnt and badly distorted in shape and size and are brittle in nature. Uses: used for foundation and floors in the lime concrete and road metal. 8/21/2024 22 fourth class brick 8/21/2024 23 On basis of use Common brick: multi purpose unit manufactured economically without special reference to appearance. Used for filling and backing of walls. Facing bricks: primarily made to have good appearance either colour or texture. Used for surface wall for which pleasing appearance is desired. Engineering bricks: are strong, impermeable, smooth, hard and conform to definite limits of water absorption and strength. Used for load bearing wall. 8/21/2024 24 On the basis of Finish Sand faced brick: has textured surface manufactured by sprinkling sand on the inner surfaces of the mould. Rustic Brick: has mechanical textured finished, varying in pattern. 8/21/2024 25 On the basis of burning Pale bricks: are under burnt obtained from outer portion of kiln. Body bricks: are well burn occupying central portion of the kiln. Arch bricks: are over burnt also known as clinker bricks obtained from inner portion of the kiln. 8/21/2024 26 On the basis of types Solid: Solid bricks without any holes or cavities Perforated: Small holes not exceeding 25% of the volume of the brick. Hollow : Holes may exceed 25% of the volume of the brick. Cellular:EXPLORE ON THIS!! 8/21/2024 27 ON THE BASIS OF STRENGTH 8/21/2024 28 Different forms of bricks Round end and bull nose brick: to construct curved edges Eg: curved walls, drains. 8/21/2024 29  Cant bricks: also called splay brick suitable for doors, windows jambs. Double cant are used for octagonal pillars 8/21/2024 30 Cornice brick: used from architectural point of view. 8/21/2024 31  Perforated bricks and Hollow Brick: used for engineering purposes to control the amount of heat and sound in side the building. Used in halls. 8/21/2024 32 Coping Bricks: top most of the bricks course are made with coping bricks. 8/21/2024 33  Closures 8/21/2024 34  Bats 8/21/2024 35 Defects of clay bricks Efflorescence: defect caused due to presence of alkalis in the brick. Calcium sulphate, magnesium. Prevention: selecting proper clay, water repellent in mortar, providing water proof coping etc.. Over burning of bricks: soft molten mass is produced and loss of shape of brick. Under burning of brick: incomplete vitrification cause less soft and un covering of pores increasing the water absorption of brick. Bloating: spongy swollen mass over the surface of burned bricks due to presence of carbonaceous matter and Sulphur. 8/21/2024 36  Black core: presence of bituminous matter or carbon and incomplete oxidation the brick results in black core. Chuffs: the deformation of the shape of bricks caused by the rainwater falling on hot bricks is known as chuffs. Checks or cracks: due to lime or excess of water. Expansion and disintegration due to lime and shrinkage and burning cracks due to excess of water. Spots: iron sulphide causes dark spots on the brick surface. Blisters: broken blisters due to imprisoned air during moulding. Laminations: thin lamina on the face of brick which weather out on exposure. Caused by entrapped air in the void. 8/21/2024 37 TESTS PERFORMED ON BRICKS 8/21/2024 38 TESTS PERFORMED ON BRICKS 8/21/2024 39 8/21/2024 40 8/21/2024 41 8/21/2024 42 Advantages of Bricks 8/21/2024 43 Disadvantages of Bricks 8/21/2024 44 Autoclaved Aerated Blocks (AAC) Advantages over Clay bricks Light weight Thermal Insulation Sound Insulation Fire resistant 8/21/2024 45  Screed 8/21/2024 46 CLAY TILES…thin rectangular slab used in various engineering purposes as follows: Flooring tiles Roofing tiles Walls tiles Partition tiles NOTE:MANUFACTURING PROCESS is same as brick(EXPLAIN THE PROCESS) Characteristics of good clay tiles : Uniform texture Accurate size and shape Free from flaws, cracks and non uniform burning Water absorption less than 15% Resistant to atmosphere and dampness Durable 8/21/2024 47 OTHER MISCELLANEOUS CLAY PRODUCT 1.EARTHERNWARE 2.TERRACOTTA 3.STONEWARE 4.PROCELAIN NOTE:EXPLAIN BREIFLY 8/21/2024 48 FLOOR TILES…..IS1478(clay flooring tiles) 8/21/2024 49 FLOOR TILES….. 8/21/2024 50 ROOF TILES….IS 654(clay roofing tiles) 8/21/2024 51 EARTHERN WARES…drain pipes,lavatory fittings 8/21/2024 52 EARTHERN WARES…drain pipes, lavatory fittings 8/21/2024 53 TERRACOTTA…Ornamental 8/21/2024 54 TERRACOTTA…cornices 8/21/2024 55 TERRACOTTA…column casing 8/21/2024 56 STONEWARE…Wash basin 8/21/2024 57 STONEWARE…water closet Cistern Water Closet (WC) 8/21/2024 58 STONEWARE…floor tiles and wall tiles 8/21/2024 59  EXPLORE ON PROCELAIN!!! 8/21/2024 60 GLAZING of Tiles The process of coating the tiles with impervious fil to protect from chemical and weathering forces is known as GLAZING of Tiles. TYPES OF GLAZING-----HOMEWORK 8/21/2024 61  THE END ANY QUESTIONS ? 8/21/2024 62