Bio 119 Microbiology Unit 4 Objectives PDF

BIO 119 MICROBIOLOGY UNIT 4 OBJECTIVES Chapter 8: Microbial Metabolism 1. Describe the methods microbes use to get their carbon and energy. Include the following terms: a. photoautotroph c. photoheterotroph b. chemoautotroph...

BIO 119 MICROBIOLOGY UNIT 4 OBJECTIVES Chapter 8: Microbial Metabolism 1. Describe the methods microbes use to get their carbon and energy. Include the following terms: a. photoautotroph c. photoheterotroph b. chemoautotroph d. chemoheterotroph Chapter 9: Microbial Growth 2. Define binary fission and generation time. 3. Describe the bacterial Growth Curve. List the four phases and explain what occurs in each phase. 4. Define logarithmic growth/exponential growth. 5. Explain the process of biofilm formation and how it can impact human health. 6. Explain the gas requirements of the following organisms: a. obligate aerobes d. microaerophiles b. aerotolerant anaerobes e. facultative anaerobes c. obligate anaerobes f. capnophiles 7. Describe the use of thioglycolate media, anaerobic jars/chambers, and candle jar. 8. Describe what is meant by the minimum, maximum, and optimum pH growth. 9. Explain the pH requirements of neutrophiles, acidophiles, and alkaliphiles. 10. Describe what is meant by the minimum, maximum, and optimum growth temperature. 11. Explain the temperature requirements of the following organisms: a. mesophile d. hyperthermophiles b. thermophile e. psychrophile c. psychrotroph 12. Describe the growth requirements of the following organisms: a. halophiles c. halotolerant organisms b. barophiles d. photoautotrophs 13. Describe each type of media used for bacterial growth: a. all-purpose media d. enriched b. chemically-defined e. complex c. selective f. differential Chapter 13: Control of Microbial Growth 14. List the 4 levels of biosafety and provide examples of how microbes are to be handled at each level. 15. Define the following microbial control terms:  a. sterilization/sterilant d. asepsis/aseptic technique b. disinfection/disinfectant e. antisepsis/antiseptic c. sepsis f. degerming g. sanitization 16. Explain the difference between –static and –cidal control methods. 17. Explain how the microbial death curve is used to evaluate microbial control methods. 18. List the factors that influence the action of antimicrobial agents. 19. Differentiate between moist and dry heat sterilization. Explain which one is more efficient and why. 20. Describe the following physical methods of growth control, including the mode of action and ability to sterilize. Provide an example. a. autoclave i. desiccation b. boiling water j. lyophilization c. dry heat oven k. ionizing radiation (X rays, gamma d. pasteurization rays) e. refrigeration l. nonionizing radiation (UV rays) f. freezing m. sonication g. pascalization / hyperbaric n. HEPA filtration chamber o. membrane filtration h. osmotic pressure 21. For each method listed, indicate the mode of action, whether it can sterilize, and any special advantages or disadvantages. a. phenolics (phenol, bisphenolics, triclosan) b. heavy metals (mercury, silver, copper, nickel, and zinc) c. halogens (chlorine, iodine, and fluorine) d. alcohols (isopropanol and ethanol) e. surfactants (quaternary ammonium detergents, soaps) f. bisbiguanides (chlorhexidine and alexidine) g. alkylating agnets (glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, OPA, and ethylene oxide) h. peroxygens (hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, benzoyl peroxide, and carbamide peroxide) i. supercritical fluids (supercritical carbon dioxide) 22. Describe the following chemical food preservatives including a common use and any limitations. a. sorbic and benzoic acids d. propionic acids b. sulfur dioxide e. nitrites c. nisin f. natamycin 23. Briefly explain how the following methods are used to evaluate the efficacy of disinfectants and antiseptics: a. phenol coefficient b. use-dilution test c. disk diffusion method d. in-use test 24. List the general cellular targets of antimicrobial agents and how antimicrobial agents control microbial growth. Chapter 14: Antimicrobial Drugs 25. Define the following terms: a. chemotherapy e. narrow spectrum b. antimicrobials f. synthetic drugs c. antibiotics g. semisynthetic drug d. broad spectrum h. superinfection 26. List the clinical considerations in prescribing antimicrobial drugs including route of administration. 27. Define the term mode of action. List all the modes of action of antimicrobial drugs. 28. Define the term selective toxicity. 29. For the following antimicrobial drugs, describe the mode of action and their target microbes: a. penicillin g. aminoglycoside b. chloramphenicol h. tetracycline c. bacitracin i. polymyxins d. vancomycin j. sulfonamide e. cephalosporin k. rifamycin f. trimethoprim l. fluoroquinolone 30. Describe why the treatment of fungal, protozoan, and helminth infections is extremely challenging. 31. For the following antimicrobial drugs, list the mode of action and the target microbes: a. imidazole d. benzimidazoles b. nitroimidazoles e. quinolones c. polyoxins f. polyenes 32. Describe why selective toxicity in with regard to viral infection is almost impossible to achieve. 33. List the most common modes of action of antiviral drugs. 34. Describe the mode of action and target microbes for the following antiviral drugs: a. acyclovir b. AZT c. tamiflu d. ritonavir 35. Define the following terms: a. drug resistance b. multiple drug resistant microbes (MDRs) c. cross-resistance 36. Describe two genomic changes that can cause drug resistance. 37. Describe the mechanisms by which microorganisms can form drug resistance. 38. Describe four ways in which the development of resistance can be limited. 39. Briefly explain how the following tests/terms are used to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs: a. Kirby-Bauer test b. MIC c. zones of inhibition d. MBC e. dilution test f. Etest 40. List the characteristics of the ideal antimicrobial drug.