Basics of Human Anatomy - Part 1 PDF

Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I -1-  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Contents Introduction ………….........……………………….………....….……… 2 Skeleton …………….……………..……………………..…..…………….. 15 Joints……………………………………………………………….……...

Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I -1-  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Contents Introduction ………….........……………………….………....….……… 2 Skeleton …………….……………..……………………..…..…………….. 15 Joints……………………………………………………………….…………. 26 Muscles……………………………………………………………….………..27 Skin and fascia ……………………….…………….…………..………… 32 Cardiovascular System ………………………………….....….…..... 40 Respiratory System ………………………………...………….…….. 52 Practical Anatomy …………………………………………………….63 -2-  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Anatomy It is the study of the structures ‫ تركيب‬of the body and the relationship ‫عالقه‬of its parts. Anatomy comes from the Greek word (anatome) which means to dissect or cut apart ‫يقطع‬. Anatomical study:- It can bedone on dead or living bodies either microscopically or macroscopically. Macroscopic Anatomy (Gross) ‫التشريح بالعين المجردة‬ It is the study of the body details, which can be seen by the naked eye. It includes 2 methods:- 1- Regional or topographical anatomy; ‫ تشريح منطقه‬- means study the anatomy of a certain region (head, thorax, abdomen…….etc ). 2- Systemic anatomy ‫تشريح جهازي‬ means study the anatomy of systems (digestive system, nervous system, urinary system..etc ). Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)‫التشريح الميكروسكوبي او علم األنسجة‬ Means the study of the fine structure of the body tissue using light and electron microscope. -3-  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Fields of anatomy :- 1- Developmental anatomy (Embryology ‫)علم األجنة‬:- study of development of human from zygote until birth (prenatal development). However, from birth until death called postnatal development. 2- Applied and clinical anatomy ‫التشريح التطبيقي‬: anatomy that helps in diagnoses and treating diseases. 3- Surface anatomy ‫ التشريح السطحي‬deals with location of organs in relation to body surface, locate the arterial pulses or palpate the parts of the skeleton. 4- Comparative anatomy ‫ التشريح المقارن‬means study the anatomical differences between the species. 5- Instrumental anatomy ‫التشريح باستخدام التقنيات الحديثة‬:- means using helpful instruments to visualize deep structures of the body this included:- -4-  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - Endoscopy ‫منظار‬, Radiology ‫األشعة‬, Ultrasonography (sonar), Magnetic Resonance Image ‫اشعه الرنين المغناطيسي‬ (MRI). REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY The human body is a single, total composite. Everything works together. Each part acts in association with all other parts. Each region is responsible for certain body activities. These regions are: Back and Trunk. The trunk includes the thorax (chest) and abdomen. At the lower end of the trunk is the pelvis. The lungs, the heart, and the digestive system are found in the trunk. Head and Neck. The brain, eyes, ears, mouth, pharynx, and larynx are found in this region. Members ( upper and lower extremities.) Each upper extremity includes a shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. Each lower extremity includes a hip, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. -5-  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Anatomical Positions ‫الوضع التشريحي‬ The anatomical position is an artificial posture of the human body. This position used as a standard reference throughout the medical profession. All descriptions of the human body are based on:- The person is standing erect ‫الوقوف منتصبا‬. The upper limbs straight by the sides ‫اليدان جانبا‬ The lower limbs are parallel The face and palms of the hands directed forward. -6-  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Basic Anatomical Terminology Directions 1- Superior = upper = cranial‫علوى‬: near to the upper end of the body. 2- Inferior = lower = caudal ‫سفلى‬: near to the lower end of the body. 3- Anterior = in front of = ventral‫ أمامي‬. 4- Posterior = behind = dorsal ‫خلفي‬. 5- Proximal ‫علوى في القوائم‬: near to the root of the limb. 6- Distal ‫سفلى فى القوائم‬: away from the root of the limb. 7- Median ‫على خط المنتصف‬: in the median plane. 8- Medial‫ناحيه منتصف الجسم‬: near to the median plane. 9- Lateral‫ ناحيه خارج الجسم‬:away from the median plane. 10- Superficial‫سطحي‬: near to the skin or body surface. 11- Deep‫عميق‬: away from the skin or body surface. 12- Internal = inner‫داخلى‬: inside the body or organ. 13- External = outer‫خارجى‬outside body or organ. 14-Palmar & dorsal ‫( ناحيه رحه الكف‬in hand)=anterior & posterior 15-Plantar and dorsal ‫( ناحيه باطن القدم‬in the foot) = lower and upper. -7-  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I 16- Ipsilateral ‫فى نفس الناحيه‬: the same side of the body ( left hand and left foot are ipsilateral). 17-Contralateral ‫فى الناحيه العكسيه‬: opposite sides of the body (left hand and right foot). 18-Central ‫مركزى‬means towards the center of the body. 19-Prephral‫ طرفى‬means away from the center of the body. -8-  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Planes of the Body The various parts of the body are described in relation to certain imaginary planes; 1- The median (midsagittal) plane: is a vertical (only one) plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves. Para median (sagittal) planes: are several planes situated parallel to the median plane gives (right and left unequal parts). 2-Coronal (frontal) planes are imaginary vertical planes at right angles to the median plane (cut the body into anterior and posterior parts). -9-  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I 3-Horizontal or transverse planes at right angles to both the median and coronal planes. such anatomical planes are frequently used in computer tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to visualize muscle, bone, lung and other soft tissues as well as pathologies, for example pancreatic cancer or a brain abscess. - 11 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Anatomical movement Flexion:- decreasing the angle between the 2 bones. (reduces the angle at the joint, e.g. bending the elbow) Extension:- increasing the angle between the 2 bones (return back from flexion) e.g. Flexion and extension of the elbow joint. Plantar (or palmar) flexion and dorsiflexion These movements occur at the ankle joint and are substituted for flexion and extension, respectively. Abduction:- movement the part away from median plane. Eg: abduction of the limbs, hand and fingers. - 11 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Adduction:- movement the part toward the median plane. Eg abduction of the limbs, hand and fingers. Pronation:- rotation of the hand so the palm of the hand faces backward. Supination:- rotation of the hand so the palm of the hand faces forward. - 12 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Opposition of the thumb moving the thumb to touch other fingers. Rotation:- means turning the part along its axis:- Medial rotation:- rotation toward median plane. Lateral rotation:-rotation away from the median plane. Inversion:- rotation of the foot so the sole of the foot faces inward. Eversion: - rotation of the foot so the sole of the foot faces outward. - 13 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Protraction moving the part forward Retraction moving the part backward. Circumduction: - it is mixed movement, including flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in the same order (movement of shoulder and hip joint). - 14 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I The Skeleton -It is formed hard structure supporting the body. -It is formed of bone, cartilage, joints & ligaments. - 15 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Cartilages Avascular dens flexible type of connective tissue. Formed from chondrocytes (cartilage cells) and matrix, the types of cartilages are Item Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilages Character Transparent Rich in Strong and rich in elastic collagen fibers fibers Site Bones of fetus In ear, In pelvic In joints nose and symphysis In trachea larynx In intervertebral discs Function of cartilages 1- Protect the bone. 2- Helps in movement. 3- Area of bone growth. 4- Absorb concussion - 16 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Bones Hard type of connective tissue due to its calcium content. Classification of the bones:- A- Histological classification:- 1-Compact bone….outer hard layer of compact bones. 2-Spongy bone…has many pores (inner layer) B- Anatomical or according to the shape:- 1-Long bones Has proximal, distal ends and shaft The shaft has medullary cavity that Contain bone marrow Eg. Humorous, tibia & femur 2-Short bones Cube-shape bone, which has nearly equal dimensions. Eg. carpal and tarsal bones. - 17 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I 3- Flat bones Two layers of compact bones contain a layer of spongy bone. eg. …..scapula, sternum & skull 4-Irregular bones Bones has irregular shape due to many processes eg. ….vertebrae. 5-Sesamoid bone…patella Functions of bone:- 1-Helps in movement (locomotion ‫ حركة‬act as lever ‫) روافع‬. 2-Hold the body. 3-Protection of vital organs ‫االعضاء الحيوية‬as brain, heart… 4-Formation of blood (haematopoiesis) through bone marrow. 5-Storage of calcium. 6-Give the body a fixed shape (support the soft tissue). - 18 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Types of skeleton A ) Axial Skeleton: 1-Skull (protects the brain, eyes, nose & ear)& mandible. Two sets of bones, Cranium, Facial bones. Bones are joined by sutures, Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint 2-Sternum ‫عظمة القص‬. 3-Ear bones. 4-Hyoid bone ‫العظم الالمي‬ 5-Vertebral Column (protects the spinal cord). 6-Ribs (24 ribs or 12 pairs) (Sternum, vertebral column and ribs form the thoracic Cage that protects the heart and the 2 lungs). - 19 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Types of ribs:- 1-True ribs (1,2,3,4,5,6&7th) they are attached directly to the sternum. 2-False ribs (8,9 & 10th) they are attached indirectly to the sternum. 3-Floating ribs: These ribs do not articulate with the sternum at any point. (11th & 12th) Vertebral Column Vertebral Column has 33 Vertebrae, which arranged as; - 7Cervical (7c); All the cervical vertebrae has transverse foramen in the transverse process) *The 1st is called atlas (has no body, no spinous process) *The second is called axis (has dens or process). *The 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th &7th. - Thoracic (T12). - 5 Lumbar (L5) 5 Sacral (S5 Fused to form sacrum) - 4 Coccygeal (4 C Fused to form coccyx). - Vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs - 21 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - The spine has a normal curvature. - The vertebral column protects the spinal cord. B _ Appendicular Skeleton: 1-– Bones of upper limb. a- Shoulder or pectoral girdle connects the upper limb with the axial skeleton (scapula & Clavicle) b- The arm region formed by Humerus. c- The forearm region formed by ulna & radius. d- Bones of hand :- - 8 Carpal bones. (the proximal row contains; scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum & pisiform and the distal raw contains, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate is the largest & hamate) - 5 metacarpal bones. - 14 phalanges (each finger - has 3 phalanges except - thump has 2 only). - Names of fingers : Thump – index – Middle – Ring – Little Finger - 21 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 22 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 23 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I 1 – Bones of lower limb a- pelvic girdle connects the lower limb with the axial skeleton as pelvic or hip bone (3 paired fused bones; ischium, ilium & pubis) *The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvic bones which protects several organs (Reproductive organs, Urinary bladder and Part of the large intestine) b- The thigh region formed by the femur (the longest bone in the body). c- The leg region formed by tibia & febula. d- Bones of foot:- - 7 tarsal bones. talus, calcaneus is the largest, navicular and cuboid as well as lateral, medial & intermediate cuneiform - 24 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 5 metatarsal bones. - 14 phalanges (each finger has 3 phalanges except big toe has 2 only). - 25 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Joints Means union between 2 or more bones or cartilages. Classification of joints. Item Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial joints joints joints Uniting Fibrous Cartilage Synovia ‫ماده‬ media tissue‫نسيج ليفى‬ ‫زالليه‬ Movement No Limited ‫محدوده‬ Movable movement Examples Joints of the Pelvic Shoulder skull symphysis and Hip intervertebral j. Elbow, knee In cartilage of Carpal & ribs tarsal - 26 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Stability of joints Stability is achieved by the following components: 1-Bony: e.g. in a firm ball-and-socket joint such as the hip joint, bony contours contribute to stability. 2-Ligaments: these are important in most joints, and they act mainly to prevent excessive movement. 3-Muscles: these are an important stabilizing factor in most joints. Muscles We have 3 types of muscles in the body:- - 27 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Ligaments connect the bones and joints. Tendons are the site of attachment, of connective tissue that connects skeletal muscles to bones Skeletal muscles - Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons (connective tissue) and enable movement. - They are mostly voluntary, composed of long cells called muscle fibers that have a striated appearance. - Muscle fibers are organized into bundles supplied by blood vessels and innervated by motor neurons. Structure of a skeletal muscle 1-Epimysium dense sheath of collagen fibers around muscle (Separates muscle from other tissues/organs & Connected to deep) - 28 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Muscle fascicle = bundle of muscle fibers 2-Perimysium: fibrous layer dividing muscle into compartments  Separates muscle fascicles  Has collagen and elastic fibers; blood vessels and nerves supplying muscle fibers within the fascicle Skeletal muscle fibers = individual muscle cells  Contain myofibrils = bundles of protein filaments 3-Endomysium: thin layer of loose connective tissue around each muscle fiber; has collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels/nerves supplying muscle fibers Myosatellite cells = stem cells that help repair damaged muscle tissue - 29 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Ends of skeletal muscles: connective tissue layers (epimysium, perimysium, endomysium) merge to form a tendon or aponeurosis  Tendon ‫ وتر‬attaches muscle to specific point on a bone  Aponeurosis ‫ وتر عضلي عريض مفلطح‬broad sheet with broad attachment to bone(s) Muscle action Muscles can be classified according to their action: Prime mover: ‫محرك رئيسي‬ major muscle responsible for a particular movement, e.g. brachialis is the prime mover in flexing the elbow. Antagonist:‫عضلة لها فعل عكسي‬ any muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover: as the prime mover contracts the antagonist relaxes, e.g. triceps brachii relaxes during elbow flexion. Fixator: ‫ مثبتة‬prime mover and antagonist acting together to ‘fix’ a joint, e.g. muscles holding the scapula steady when deltoid moves the humerus. Synergist: ‫ عضلة مؤازرة‬prevents unwanted movement in an intermediate joint, e.g. extensors of the carpus contract to fix the wrist joint, allowing the long flexors of the fingers to function effectively. - 31 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Skeletal Muscle design: Muscle fibers may be either parallel or oblique to the line of pull of the whole muscle. Parallel fibers allow maximal range of movement. Oblique fibers increase the force generated at the expense of a reduced range of movement. - 31 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Skin and fascia Skin It is the largest organ in the body having a surface area about 2 meter square in the adult human. The skin, hair, sebaceous and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors all are called the integumentary system. Function of the skin:- 1- Protection against ultraviolet rays and act as chemical , mechanical and thermal insults. 2- Barrier ‫ حاجز‬against bacteria, viruses and fluid loss (first line of defense). 3- Thermo-regulation or help in heat loss (by evaporation of the sweat) or keeping the heat (through hair and fat). 4- Metabolic function (formation of Vitamin D). 5- Excretory functions: through sweat. 6- Sensation, it considered the largest sensor of the body (for pain, heat, cold & pressure). - 32 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Types of Skin We have 2 types of skin; A) Thick skin present in the palms and soles. B) Thin skin present all over the body except palms and soles. On the palm of the hand and sole of the feet, the epidermis is very thick to withstand or because of wear and tear that happens in these regions. The layers of the skin:- 1- Outer layer (epidermis) which is stratified squamous epithelium ‫نسيج طالئى عديد الطبقات‬ The color of the skin depended on the amount of melanin pigment produced by melanocyte that present in epidermis. *Keratinocytes are the major cells, constituting 95% of the epidermis * Merkel cells: Receptors for sense of touch *Melanocytes: in the lower epidermis, produce a pigment called melanin. *Langerhans cells They are able to phagocytize foreign material, such as bacteria that enter the body through breaks in the skin. The epidermis contains no blood vessels; however, cells in the deepest layers are nourished by diffusion from blood capillaries extending to the upper layers of the dermis. - 33 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I The epidermis can be further subdivided into the following strata or layers (beginning with the outermost layer Stratum corneum: the outermost layer, consists of many layers of dead cells; all that is left is their keratin. The protein keratin is relatively waterproof, it prevent most evaporation of body water Stratum lucidum (only in palms and soles) is a translucent layer lying directly beneath the corneum. Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum germinativum (also called the stratum basale) is the base of the epidermis, Keratinocytes in the stratum basale proliferate through mitosis and the daughter cells move up the strata changing shape and composition as they undergo multiple stages of cell differentiation to eventually become anucleated. 2- Inner layer (dermis) which contains sweat gland, hair follicles, sebaceous gland, blood vessels, lymphatic and nerves. The dermis is divided into two layers… - 34 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I 1. The papillary layer is arranged into microscopic structures that form ridges. These are the finger- and footprints to supply the deepest cells. 2. The reticular layer :is beneath the papillary layer; it is a white fibrous tissue that supports the blood vessels The dermis is connected to underlying tissue by the subcutaneous tissue. Basement membrane The epidermis and dermis are separated by a thin sheet of fibers called the basement membrane, and is made through the action of both tissues. - 35 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I 3- Hypoderm or subcutaneous layer The hypodermis is the bottom layer of skin. Also known as subcutaneous tissue. It is composed of adipose and connective tissue..The hypodermis insulates and protects the body, stores energy (in the form of fat), helps to regulate body temperature, and connects the skin to muscles and bones. Accessory Structures of the Skin include hair, skin glands, and nails. Hairs (pili) have a number of important functions: 1-protection 2-reduce heat loss 3-sensing light touch -Hair is composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells Hair consists of: 1- shaft which mostly projects above the surface of the skin 2- root which penetrates into the dermis 3- hair follicle 4- epithelial root sheath (Internal) 5- dermal root sheath (External) - 36 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 37 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Nails Nails are composed of hard, keratinized epidermal cells located over the dorsal surfaces of the ends of fingers and toes. Each nail consists of: 1- free edge 2- transparent nail body (plate) with a whitish lunula at its base 3- nail root embedded in a fold of skin - 38 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Fascia It is the tissue lies under the skin; it consists of 2 layers superficial and deep. A- Superficial fascia Loose connective tissue (CT) and fat connects the dermis with the deep fascia. Function of superficial fascia a- Helps in the skin movement. b- Bad conductor of heat. c- Makes the body the rounded and smooth The superficial fascia may be:- 1- Free from fat in eyelids, ear, penis, clitoris. 2- Loosely attached to the skin on the dorsum of the hand and sole. 3- Firmly attached to the skin on palms, soles, scalp and back of the neck. B- Deep fascia Condensed fibrous tissue under the superficial fascia: Functions:- 1- Covers the muscles. 2- Form septa ‫ فواصل‬between the muscles. 3- Become more thick at sole and palm. 4- Become thick around the tendons forming sheath.‫غالف لوتر العضله‬ - 39 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Cardiovascular or Circulatory System The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved substances to and from different places in the body. The heart and blood vessels together make up the circulatory system. The right side of the system contain (deals) with deoxygenated blood, while the left side of the system contain (deals) with oxygenated blood. The Pericardium  Definition: A double-walled fibro-serous sac that surrounded the heart and large blood vessels.  The Function of the Pericardium:  Protects and fix the heart.  Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood.  Allows the heart to work in a relatively friction- free environment.  Parts of the Pericardium  A superficial fibrous pericardium.  Deep double layer serous pericardium a. The parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium. - 41 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I b. The visceral layer or epicardium lines the surface of the heart. Both are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial cavity. Heart Wall 1-Epicardium – visceral layer of the serous pericardium 2-Myocardium – cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart 3-Endocardium – endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface - 41 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I The Heart The heart is the main organ of the cardiovascular system, that pumps blood to the body. Its size is approximately the size of your fist (The adult heart is about 9 cm (3.5 in.) wide at the base, 13 cm (5 in.) Location -It located superior to the diaphragm & left to the midline, just anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum. - 42 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - It has upper base and lower apex. - It has 4 chambers, two upper atria (right & left) and two lower ventricles (right & left), the right atrium and right ventricle are connected by right atrioventricular opening which is guarded by tricuspid valve. While the left atrioventricular opening is guarded by bicuspid valve. Valves of the heart Def: leaf like structure that, allow the blood flow in one directional & prevent the return back of the blood. 1-Atrioventricular (AV) valves lie between the atria and the ventricles. AV valves prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles - 43 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I contract. Chordae tendineae fix AV valves to papillary muscles to prevent overlapping of the valve. The right atrioventricular valve is tricuspid valve, while the left atrioventricular valve is bicuspid (mitral). 2-Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles. A) Aortic semilunar (tricuspid) valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta. B) Pulmonary semilunar (tricuspid) valve lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. - 44 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 45 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Major Vessels of the Heart A) Vessels returning blood to the heart include: 1. Superior and inferior venae cavae 2. Right and left pulmonary veins B) Vessels conveying blood away from the heart include: 3. Pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and left pulmonary arteries 4. Aorta. C) Vessels that Supply/Drain the Heart 1-Arteries – right and left coronary (in atrioventricular groove), marginal, circumflex, and anterior interventricular arteries 1- Veins – small cardiac, anterior cardiac, and great cardiac veins. - 46 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Fibrous skeleton of the heart It consists of:- 1-Fibrous ring surrounded the aortic valve. 2- Fibrous ring surrounded the pulmonary valve. 3- Fibrous ring surrounded the bicuspid (LAV) valve. 4- Fibrous ring surrounded the tricuspid (RAV) valve. 5- The membranous part of the interventricular septum. Function: 1-The rings give attachment for the myocardium of both the ventricles and atria. 2-Provides support for the valves themselves, preventing them from stretching. 1- It allows the controlled contraction of the heart. 2- Serves as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles 3- Provides site for muscle attachment - 47 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 48 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Heart Sounds  First heart sound or “lubb” Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid vibrations as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole  Second heart sound or “dupp” Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer. The Blood Vessels It includes arteries, veins and capillaries. All the arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery and all the veins carry deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary veins. The arteries are branched into medium, small arteries then arterioles. While the venules are joined together to form small sized vein then medium sized & finally formed the large sized vein. The blood capillaries lined by fenestrated ‫ مثقب‬epithelium and connected the venules with the arterioles. - 49 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 51 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 51 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Respiratory system Group of organs that play a role in the process of respiration, gas exchange, speech (sounds) and regulation of pH of blood.  It is formed of; nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, 2bronchi (right & left primary bronchi) & 2 lungs (contain alveoli at which gas exchange happen). - 52 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Anatomy of the Nose It is made of external nose and nasal cavity. External nose Pyramidal in shape, having a root and free apex, formed of upper bony part and lower cartilaginous part. The palatine bones and maxilla (upper jaw bone) separate the nasal cavities from the mouth cavity - 53 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Nasal cavity There are 2 nasal cavities separated by the nasal septum. The nasal cavity has 2 anterior nasal openings (in the face) and 2 posterior nasal openings (in the nasopharynx). Each nasal cavity is partially divided by 3 curved bony projections called nasal conchae into localized spaces called nasal meatuses. Here, the ear is connected to the meatuses, through the Eustachian tubes, and even the eyes through the nasolacrimal ducts Function of the nose 1- It contains hairs, which filter large particles in the respiratory tract. (Coarse particles like insects, etc). 2- It warm (cold air can freeze lungs) warmed by superficial veins. 3- Cleans the dirty air as the mucous is sticky and trapped the fine particles. 4- It act as an air passageway 5- Olfaction ‫( شم‬smell odors). 6- It aids in phonation ‫ نطق‬and the quality of voice - 54 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Paranasal sinuses They are air-filled spaces in the skull bones surrounding the nose and open in the nasal meatuses. They are;- 1- 2Frontal sinus, present in frontal bone. 2- 2Maxillary sinus, the largest one and present in the maxilla (contain the roots of upper teeth). 3- 2Sphenoidal sinus, in the sphenoid bone. 4- Ethmoidal sinuses, 3 groups (anterior-middle- posterior) in the ethmoidal bone. - 55 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Functions of the paranasal sinuses 1- Decrease the weight of the skull. 2- Increase the resonance of the voice. 3- Air cushion for brain, eye and pituitary. The Pharynx 15 cm funnel-shaped muscular tube present behind the nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx. It has 3 parts: 1- Nasopharynx Above and posterior to the soft palate and caudal to the nasal cavity (passage of air only). Its upper part contain the nasopharyngeal tonsil. Its lower part contain the opening of Eustachian tube. 2- Oropharynx Behind the oral cavity and the root of the tongue, it contains the palatine tonsil and considers a common passageway for food, fluids, and air. - 56 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I 3- Laryngopharynx Behind the larynx and it is a passway for food and fluids. Structures of the Pharynx 1- Auditory (Eustachian) tubes enter the nasopharynx 2- Tonsils ‫ لوز‬of the pharynx:- a-Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx b- Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx c-Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue - 57 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I The LARYNX It is a tube of 9 cartilage (3 single and 3 paired) connected together by membranes and ligaments, they are moved by special muscles. The large single cartilages are; thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis. 1- Thyroid cartilage, (Adam’s apple) consists of hyaline cartilage and forms the front of the larynx and gives it its triangular shape. 2-Cricoid cartilage: is a ring of hyaline cartilage attached to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea. 3-Epiglottis, large leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage covered by epithelium lying over the top of the larynx. NB. During swallowing, the epiglottis covers the glottis (the passageway leading to the true and false vocal cords) so that food does not enter the lungs, thereby routing it to the esophagus. - 58 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I -The double cartilage are; 2 arytenoids, 2 corniculates and 2cuniform. -The larynx extended from the root of the tongue to the trachea at the level of C6 vertebrae. -It contains the vocal cords, which are responsible for production of voice. Vocal cords: (vocal folds) Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech) Glottis: opening between vocal cords Function of the larynx 5- Passage of air to the trachea and lung. 6- Production of voice by the vocal cords. 7- Reflex expulsion of the foreign bodies. The TRACHEA It is 10 -15 cm cartilaginous and membranous tube that transmits the air from the larynx to the lungs, having about 16-20 C-shaped tracheal cartilaginous rings. It lies in the middle, its upper 1/2 in the neck while its lower 1/2 in the thorax. The trachea ends in the thorax behind the sterna angle by dividing into 2 bronchi. It is lined with ciliated mucosa. - 59 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I The Primary Bronchi Formed by division of the trachea Enters the lung at the hilus (medial depression) Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches The LUNGS Each lung is nearly half cone shaped structure having an apex above and base below and 2 surfaces (lateral convex and medial concave containing the hilus where the structure enter and leave the lung). It is covered by the pleura which is a closed sac formed of 2 layers; visceral and parietal with pleural cavity in between. items Right lung Left lung 1 Short and wide Long and narrow 2 Has 3 lobes Has 2 lobes (upper and lower). (upper, middle and lower). 3 Has 2 fissures Has one fissures (oblique). (oblique and horizontal). 4 Has 10 segments Has 8 segments. 5 Has no cardiac notch. Has cardiac notch - 61 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Coverings of the Lungs -Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface -Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity -Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding Respiratory Tree Divisions 1-Primary bronchi 2-Secondary bronchi 3-Tertiary bronchi 4-Bronchioles 5-Terminal bronchiole Bronchioles Smallest branches of the bronchi All but the smallest branches have reinforcing cartilage Terminal bronchioles end in alveoli Respiratory Zone Structures Respiratory bronchioli Alveolar duct Alveoli which is formed of Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Alveolus - 61 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 62 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Practical anatomy Planes - 63 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 64 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 65 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I anterior , posterior - 66 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 67 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 68 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 69 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape - 71 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I  Flat bones irregular bone Gross anatomy of long bone - 71 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Synovial Joints - 72 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 73 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 74 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Components of the Integumentary System skin - 75 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Layers of the Epidermis Accessory Structures of the Skin – Hair - 76 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 77 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 78 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 79 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Heart Anatomy - 81 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Heart Valves res - 81 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 82 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 83 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I Respiratory System - 84 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 85 - Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I - 86 -  Basics of Human Anatomy - Part I a) Lateral views Left lun g Cardiac notch Apex - 87 -