Period 1 1491-1607 Exam Paper PDF

Period 1 1491 - 1607 Period 1-2 Exam: (A) 9/4 (B) 9/5  1.1: Contextualizin g Period 1  e xt u a li z a t io n : Cont College Board Favorite  Involves the ability to accurately...

Period 1 1491 - 1607 Period 1-2 Exam: (A) 9/4 (B) 9/5  1.1: Contextualizin g Period 1  e xt u a li z a t io n : Cont College Board Favorite  Involves the ability to accurately and explicitly explain how a e xt u a li z a t io n : historical event, policy, or source Cont fits into the broader historical picture College Board Favorite  this as Think of t t i n g t h e scene” “s e for the Involves the ability to accurately study Period of and explicitly explain how a e xt u a li z a t io n : historical event, policy, or source Cont fits into the broader historical Skill is part of the LEQ and picture DBQ Rubric s College Board Favorite Contextualizing Period 1: 1491-1607 the interaction of Native Americans provides the context and Europeans and for understanding the impact this had on both groups. College Board Favorite  Contextualizing Period 1: 1491-1607 How indigenous the interaction of people lived before Native Americans the arrival of provides the context and Europeans Christopher for understanding and the impact this Columbus in the had on both Americas in 1492 groups. College Board Favorite  Contextualizing Period 1: 1491-1607 Understanding life before the arrival of Columbus will help us How indigenous understand the impact the interaction of people lived before of European contact Native Americans the arrival of provides the context and Europeans Christopher for understanding and the impact this Columbus in the had on both Americas in 1492 groups. College Board Favorite  Americas before 1492 American Indians in the Western Hemisphere developed a wide variety of civilizations and cultural groups ranging from:  Americas before 1492 American Indians in the Western Hemisphere developed a wide variety of civilizations and cultural groups ranging from: ○ Highly developed Inca and Aztec civilizations in South America and Mesoamerica  Americas before 1492 American Indians in the Western Hemisphere developed a wide variety of civilizations and cultural groups ranging from: ○ Highly developed Inca and Aztec civilizations in South America and Mesoamerica ○ Relatively less developed nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes in North America  Americas before 1492 The "age of discovery" resulted in the greatest human catastrophe the world has ever known:  Americas before 1492 The "age of discovery" resulted in the greatest human catastrophe the world has ever known: ○ By 1600: 90% of American Indians died Enslavement of tens of millions of Africans  Americas before 1492 The "age of discovery" resulted in the greatest human catastrophe the world has ever known: ○ By 1600: 90% of American Indians died Enslavement of tens of millions of Africans Europeans had created the world’s first truly global economy  1.2: Native American Societies Before European Contact  The Settling of the Americas The history of North and South America did not begin with the Europeans Most were descendants of those who crossed the Bering Strait 15k - 60k years ago  The Settling of the Americas 11k early inhabitants reached the tip of South America Agriculture emerged in Mexico and the Andes ~9k years ago then spread  The Settling of the Americas Led to “Three Sister Farming” Absence of livestock → limited agricultural capabilities Cultures of North America The native societies in North America were generally smaller and less sophisticated than those in Mexico and South America (Aztec & Inca) Due to the slow spread of the domestication of maize in North America from Mexico Cultures of North America The native societies in North America were generally smaller and less sophisticated than those in Mexico and South America (Aztec & Inca) Due to the slow spread of the domestication of maize in North America from Mexico  Cultures of North America By the 1490s: Most people in N. America lived in semi-permanent or semi-sedentary societies ○ Adapted to regional environments American Indians were very diverse ○ 20 different language families ○ 400 distinct languages College Board Favorite Mound builders of the Mississippi River Valley (3.5k years ago) Cahokia @ St. Louis Mound builders of the Mississippi River Valley (3500 years ago) Cahokia @ St. Louis Mound builders of the Mississippi River Valley (3500 years ago) Cahokia @ St. Louis Western Indians @ Arizona Hopi and Zuni tribes (3k years ago) Learned desert farming and irrigation systems Spanish called them the Pueblo Indians Cliff dwellings (Mesa Verde) Western Indians @ Arizona Hopi and Zuni tribes (3k years ago) Learned desert farming and irrigation systems Spanish called them the Pueblo Indians Cliff dwellings (Mesa Verde) Western Indians @ Arizona Hopi and Zuni tribes (3k years ago) Learned desert farming and irrigation systems Spanish called them the Pueblo Indians Cliff dwellings (Mesa Verde)  Pacific Northwest Primarily fishing, hunting sea mammals, and gathering  Great Plains Nomadic Hunted buffalo Indians of Eastern North America Primarily agriculture supplemented by hunting Formation of leagues and confederations after 1400, such as the Iroquois League and the Great League of Peace Indians of Eastern North America Primarily agriculture supplemented by hunting Formation of leagues and confederations after 1400, such as the Iroquois League and the Great League of Peace How do you feel about 1.1-1.2? 33  1.3: European Exploration in the Americas  Europe Before Exploration Until the 1400s, people from the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia had no knowledge of people on the other side of the Atlantic  Europe Before Exploration Until the 1400s, people from the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia had no knowledge of people on the other side of the Atlantic ↑ birth rates and productivity in Europe ○ Fueled resurgence of trade and desire to explore the world  Europe Before Exploration Due to the Renaissance, new technologies like gunpowder and the compass spread throughout Europe  Europe Before Exploration Better maps Due to the Renaissance, new technologies like gunpowder and the compass spread throughout Europe  New sails Europe Before Exploration and hull Better design ships Due to the Renaissance, new technologies like gunpowder and the compass spread throughout Europe  Europe Before Exploration Compass AstrolaDue be to the Renaissance, new technologies like gunpowder and the compass spread throughout Europe Causes of European Exploration  Causes of European Exploration Gold search for economic opportunities  Causes of European Exploration Gold God search for desire to economic spread opportunities Christianity**  Causes of European Exploration Gold God Glory search for desire to overall desire economic spread for global opportunities Christianity** dominance  Causes of European Exploration During this time, Europe faced religious conflict within the Roman Catholic Church  Causes of European Exploration During this time, Europe faced religious conflict within the Roman Catholic Church ○ Reconquista of Spain  Causes of European Exploration During this time, Europe faced religious conflict within the Roman Catholic Church ○ Reconquista of Spain ○ Protestant Reformation split the Roman Catholic Church into Catholicism and Protestantism  Causes of European Exploration During this time, Europe faced religious conflict within the Roman Catholic Church ○ Reconquista of Spain ○ Protestant Reformation split the Roman Catholic Church into Catholicism and Protestantism Lutheranism , Calvinism and Anglicanism ○ Catholic Counter-Reformation  1.4: Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration and Conquest  Columbus and the Columbian Exchange The expeditions of Columbus → first established, consistent connection between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia  Columbus and the Columbian Exchange The expeditions of Columbus → first established, consistent connection between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia  Columbus and the Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange is the transfer of plants, animals, and germs between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia.  Columbus and the Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange Led to bett er is the transfer of diets and population plants, animals, and growth in Europe germs between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia.  Columbus and the Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange Led to bett er is the transfer of diets and and death by plants, animals, and population growth disease in the in Europe Americas germs between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia. To the Americas To Europe To the Americas To Europe Cattle Chickens Donkeys Goats Guinea pigs Horses Llamas House cats Turkeys Mice and rats Pigs Rabbits Sheep To the Americas To Europe Cholera Influenza Malaria Syphilis Measles Smallpox To the Americas To Europe Avocados Bananas Beans Potatoes Black pepper Cashews Rubber Citrus fruits Chili peppers Squash Coffee Chocolate Strawberries Garlic and onions Corn Sweet potatoes Lettuce Papayas Tobacco Peaches and pears Peanuts Tomatoes Sugar Pecans Vanilla Wheat, rye, and oats Pineapples  Columbus and the Columbian Exchange By 1492: Spanish and Portuguese began to compete for territories, which sometimes overlapped and caused disputes Treaty of Tordesillas  Columbus and the Columbian Exchange By 1492: Spanish and Spain Portugal Portuguese began to compete for territories, which sometimes overlapped and caused disputes Treaty of Tordesillas Drawn by the Pope  The Rise of Capitalism The wealth of the Americas transformed economies throughout Europe (profits from colonialism and slavery) ○ Access to new resources encouraged more trade Led to economic, political, and social changes  The Rise of Capitalism Influx of wealth from the Columbian Exchange accelerated the end of feudalism → rise of capitalism  The Rise of Capitalism Influx of wealth from the Columbian Exchange accelerated the end of feudalism → rise of capitalism  The Rise of Capitalism Influx of wealth from the Columbian Exchange accelerated the end of feudalism → rise of capitalism  The Rise of Capitalism Influx of wealth from the Columbian Exchange accelerated the end of feudalism → rise of capitalism ○ Political power shifted from large landowners → wealthy merchants  The Rise of Capitalism Influx of wealth from the Columbian Exchange accelerated the end of feudalism → rise of capitalism ○ Political power shifted from large landowners → wealthy merchants Europeans eager to gain access to the riches of the Americas, Africa, and Asia developed the joint stock company How do you feel about 1.3-1.4? 67  Before 1492, many American Indian cultures were strongly influenced by the (A) Ravages of smallpox epidemics (B) Domestication of horses (C) Invention of the spoked wheel (D) Spread of corn cultivation  Before 1492, many American Indian cultures were strongly influenced by the (A) Ravages of smallpox epidemics (B) Domestication of horses (C) Invention of the spoked wheel (D) Spread of corn cultivation  1.5: Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System  Spanish Exploration & Settlements Spanish explorers and conquistadors like Hernan Cortes (1519) and Francisco Pizarro, conquered land that spanned from California to Florida  Spanish Exploration & Settlements Spanish explorers and conquistadors like Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, conquered land that spanned from California to Florida  Spanish Exploration & Settlements Spanish explorers and conquistadors like Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro (1533), conquered land that spanned from California to Florida  Spanish Exploration & Settlements Spanish explorers and conquistadors like Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, conquered land that spanned from California to Florida  Spanish Exploration & Settlements Spanish explorers and conquistadors like Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, conquered land that spanned from California to Florida ○ Early 1500s: the Pope granted Spanish monarchs the authority to claim lands and protect priests preaching the faith in the Americas Spanish Exploration & Settlements With the arrival of the Spanish, disease killed most natives Survivors were used for forced labor in the empire System of encomienda Spanish Exploration & Settlements With the arrival of the Spanish, disease killed most natives Survivors were used for forced labor in the empire System of encomienda Spanish Exploration & Settlements With the crown Spanish arrivalgave of the Spanish, colonial authority over Indian disease killed most natives population Colonists received the fruits of the labor Those on survived that large plantations were used called haciendas, or in mines for forced labor in the empire Natives got “protection” and Christianity System of encomienda  Spanish Exploration & Settlements 1573: Nature of Spanish expansion changed Decided that missionaries rather than soldiers should direct all new settlements Mission system  Spanish Exploration & Settlements 1573: Nature of Spanish expansion changed Decided that missionaries rather than soldiers should direct all new settlements Mission system  Forced Labor in the Americas Portuguese Spanish Other Euros. Asiento System Colonists paid a tax to the Spanish King on each enslaved person imported to the Americas  Forced Labor in the Americas Portuguese Spanish Other Euros. Encomienda Asiento System Repartimiento @ 1542 Mission @ 1573 Colonists paid a tax Labor for “protection” and to the Spanish King Christianity on each enslaved Indians were legally free, but person imported to had to perform a fixed amount of labor the Americas Religious community where Spanish priests taught Native Americans about the Catholic religion and Spanish culture  Forced Labor in the Americas Portuguese Spanish Other Euros. Encomienda Asiento System Repartimiento @ 1542 Enslaved Africans Mission @ 1573 Colonists paid a tax Labor for “protection” and Imported via to the Spanish King Christianity Middle Passage on each enslaved Indians were legally free, but in large numbers person imported to had to perform a fixed amount of labor the Americas Religious community where Spanish priests taught Native Americans about the Catholic religion and Spanish culture  Forced Labor in the Americas Portuguese Spanish Other Euros. Asiento System Encomienda/ Enslaved Africans Repartimiento System @ 1550s Colonists had to pay Imported via a tax to the Spanish Labor for “protection” Middle Passage king on each and Christianity in large numbers enslaved person imported to the Indians were legally Americas free, but had to perform a fixed amount of labor The Spanish Caste System Throughout the 16th century Spain’s colonial projects established a new social order Intermarriage led to the development of a rigid caste system, that categorized people by the degrees of their racial ancestry The Spanish Caste System Throughout the 16th century Spain’s colonial projects established a new social order Intermarriage → development of a rigid caste system, that categorized people by the degrees of their racial ancestry The Spanish Caste System Throughout the 16th century Spain’s colonial projects established a new social order Intermarriage led to the development of a rigid caste system, that categorized people by the degrees of their racial ancestry