Chapter 6 Cognitive Development PDF

Chapter 6 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT  Genetic Epistemology Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Constructivist view Development Stage (discontinuous) view  Schemas – mental models of how things work Building...

Chapter 6 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT  Genetic Epistemology Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Constructivist view Development Stage (discontinuous) view  Schemas – mental models of how things work Building Adaptation Schemes Assimilation (used during equilibrium Accommodation (prompted by disequilibrium)  Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Birth–2 years Preoperational 2–7 years Concrete 7–11 years Operational Formal 11 years and older Operational  Sensorimotor Substages Reflexive Birth–1 month Newborn reflexes Schemes Primary Circular Repeat interesting effects 1–4 months Reactions around own body Repeat interesting effects in Secondary surroundings http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RP4 Circular 4–8 months abiHdQpc Reactions Coordination of Intentional, goal-directed Secondary 8–12 months behavior; object Circular permanence Reactions Tertiary Circular Explore properties of objects 12–18 months Reactions through novel actions Mental Internal depictions of objects 18 months–2 years Representations or events; deferred imitation Piaget’s Preoperational Stage: ages 2-7 Improved Mental Representation Make-believe Play Language Limitations in Thought — Cannot Perform Mental Operations Egocentrism Lack Conservation Centration Irreversibility Perception Bound  Preoperational Reasoning: Egocentrism – Inability to take another person’s perspective Kuther, Lifespan Development in Context, 1e. © SAGE Publications, 7 2018.  Limits on Conservation Centration Focus on one aspect of stimulus and neglect others Irreversibility Cannot mentally reverse a set of steps Perception bound  Benefits of Make-Believe Play Practice representational schemes Emotional integration/processing Social, language skills Attention, memory, logical reasoning Imagination, creativity  Piaget: Concrete Operational Reasoning (6-11 yrs.) Gain capacity to use logic to solve problems More sophisticated understanding of physical world Conservation: – Object Identity: understanding that certain characteristics of an object do not change despite superficial changes to the object’s appearance – Reversibility: an object can be returned to its original state Classification: ability to understand hierarchies Kuther, Lifespan Development in Context, 1e. © SAGE Publications, 10 2018.  Concrete Operational Reasoning Cultural factors play a role in rate of cognitive development – Cultural differences may be more a result of methodology and how questions are asked rather than children’s abilities. – Experience, specific cultural practices, and education play a role in how concrete operational reasoning is displayed. Kuther, Lifespan Development in Context, 1e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 11 Piaget’s Theory (11 yrs - ): Formal Operational Stage Ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically Reasoning about ideas Hypothetical-deductive reasoning: ability to consider problems, generate and systematically test hypotheses, and draw conclusions  Consequences of Formal operational/Abstract Thought Argumentativeness Idealism and Criticism Thinking about Identity David Elkind: Adolescent Egocentrism Imaginary audience Personal fable  Cognitive Development in Adulthood Postformal Reasoning integrates abstract reasoning with practical considerations: Multiple causes and solutions, all problems involve uncertainty – Dualistic Thinking: knowledge is a collection of facts with right and wrong with no in-between “Which theory is right?” – Relativistic Thinking: most knowledge is viewed as relative. “It’s all relative and there are no answers” – Reflective Judgment: perspectives can be evaluated according to criteria and evidence; reasoning that synthesizes contradictions among perspectives. Kuther, Lifespan Development in Context, 1e. © SAGE Publications, 14 2018.  Cognitive Development in Adulthood Pragmatic thought: ability to accept inconsistencies and use reasoning to determine the best alternatives Cognitive affective complexity: ability to be aware of, integrate, and regulate intense positive and negative emotions to make logical decisions Kuther, Lifespan Development in Context, 1e. © SAGE Publications, 15 2018.  Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective We are embedded in a context that shapes how we think and who we become. Scaffolding: assistance that permits the child to bridge the gap between their current competence level and the task at hand – Children are little apprentices Kuther, Lifespan Development in Context, 1e. © SAGE Publications, 16 2018. Vygotsky: Cognitive Development Zone of Proximal Development: – The gap between a child’s competence level and what they can do with assistance Cultural Tools: – Physical items and ways of thinking about phenomena that influence thinking. © Rmarmion | Dreamstime.com  Metacognition The ability to be aware of, understand, and take note of changes in one’s own cognitive processes.  Fostering a Growth Mindset with Process Praise Fixed mindset – knowledge is fixed Praise draws attention to the end product OR fixed quality of the child Growth mindset – knowledge can be built Process praise draws attention to the : – effort – enthusiasm – ideas – concentration – persistence, and – problem-solving approach taken by the child.