Non-vascular & Vascular Plants PDF

MODULE 10 Non-vascular & Vascular Plants Ma. Lyneth S. Solidarios, RPh Non-vascular Plants Bryophytes Greek word meaning moss plant • First plants to evolve (1. liverworts, 2. hornworts, 3. mosses) • Mostly small and lack vascular tissues • Lack true leaves, seeds, and flowers • Have hair-like...

MODULE 10 Non-vascular & Vascular Plants Ma. Lyneth S. Solidarios, RPh Non-vascular Plants Bryophytes Greek word meaning moss plant • First plants to evolve (1. liverworts, 2. hornworts, 3. mosses) • Mostly small and lack vascular tissues • Lack true leaves, seeds, and flowers • Have hair-like rhizoids instead of roots • Niches in moist habitats but are not very efficient in absorbing water • Depends on moisture to reproduce and disperse • Reproduction is characterized by alteration of generations type of life cycle Divisions of Bryophytes H E PATO PHYTA Liverworts ANTH O C E R O PHYTA Hornworts B RYO PHYTA Mosses Hepatophyta • Spore-producing non-vascular, thalloid or leafy plants with a life cycle similar to that of mosses • Small, generally inconspicuous plants that grow on moist soil, rocks, old stumps, and tree bark • Common in coniferous forests • Lack stomata (although some may have surface pores thought to be analogous to stomata) • Flattened, lobed structure • Have thallus (hair0like rhizoids that anchor the plant to the soil) on its underside • Doctrine of signatures: forms of liverworts was suggested to be the lobes of animal liver hence the thalloid liverworts were thought to have medicinal value for the treatment of liver ailments Hepatophyta • Leafy Liverworts • • • • Have branching Leafy rather than lobed thallus Superficially resembles to mosses Have prostrate, leafy ‘shoots’ and rhizoids • ‘leaves’ consists of a single undifferentiated cell • Some reproduce asexually by forming small balls of tissue called gemmae (sing gemma) Anthocerophyta • Spore-producing, non-vascular thalloid plants with a life cycle similar to that of mosses • Small group of about 100 species of bryophytes whose gametophytes superficially resemble those of the thalloid of liverworts • Live in disturbed habitats such as fallow fields and roadsides • Has single large chloroplast in each cell which resembles algae than that of plant cells Anthocerophyta • Archegonia (female) and antheridia (male) are embedded in the thallus; after fertilization, the needle-like sporocyte projects out of the gametophyte of the thallus forming a spike, or ‘horn’ (thus the name hornwort) • Single gametophyte often produces multiple sporocytes • Meiosis occurs, during which spores from within each sporangium which then splits open form top to release the spores; each spore has the potential to rice to a new gametophyte thallus • Sporocytes of hornworts, unlike those of mosses and liverworts, continue to grow from their bases for the remainder of the gametophyte’s life Bryophyta • Mosses usually lives in dense colonies or Bedson moist soil, rocks, or tree bark • Has tiny hair-like structures called rhizoids and an upright stem-like structure that bears leaf-like blades, each normally consisting of a single layer of undifferentiated cells except the midrib • Lac vascular tissues hence they do not have true roots, stems, or leaves • Some have water-conducting cells and sugar-conducting cells (not specialized or as effective as the ones of vascular plants) • Moss sporocyte is initially green and photosynthetic but turns golden brown at maturity Bryophyta • Significance: • Important in forming soil • Prevents soil erosion • Retain moisture that they and other organisms need • Used by some bird species as nesting meterial along with twigs and grasses Seedless Vascular Plants Seedless Tracheophytes • plants that contains vascular tissues but does not produce seeds • reproduce by forming spore • can grow larger than bryophytes • have leaves that can perform photosynthesis • microphyll – leaf that contains one vascular strand • megaphyll – leaf that contains multiple vascular strands Vascular Plants with Seeds ANGIOSPERM Flowering Plants GYMNOSPERM Non-flowering Plants Gymnosperms • comes from the Greek words gymnos meaning ‘naked; and sperm which means ‘seed’ • have needle-like or scale-like leaves with no flowers • have woods that are softer than that of angiosperms and is used to make paper and lumber • most are perennials (evergreen), growing back every year with no need for replanting • their reproductive system is located in their cones • female cones grow in the upper branches of the tree and male cones grown on the lower branches Coniferophyta • Also known Pinophyta • Is the largest group among gymnosperms. • These are cone-bearing seed plants having secondary growth with a strong apical dominance. • Leaves are comb-like, scale-like, or needle-like in appearance. • Most conifers are monoecious. • Seed develop inside a cone called strobilus. • Male cones produce the pollens inside the microsporangia. Cycadophyta • Division Cycadophyta have an unbranched cylindrical trunk with leaves growing directly from it. • Leaves form a rosette and are pinnate or bipinnate • All cycads species have a poisonous glycoside, known as cycasins, and the neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino-l-alanine or BMAA • Cycads produce pollen through the male cones and ovules through the female cones. • Once pollinated, the female cones become large seeds covered in an outer layer called sarcotesta. Ginkgophyta • Gingko biloba is the only living member of the division. • Vascular system of it is composed of connective cells with tiny perforations. • Ginkgos are dioecious. Gnetophyta • 3 families under this division: Gnetcaea, Welwitschiaceae, and Epheraceae. • Presence of vessel elements an tracheids. • Members of this division have enveloping bracts around the ovules and microsponrangia. • Fertilization happens when tubes from the egg meet the tubes from the pollen. There is double fertilization that takes place but the second fertilized egg is disintegrate. • Gnetophyta are not able to form an endosperm. Angiosperms • Include all flowering plants. Can be distinguished from gymnosperms in that they produce endosperms within seeds that are enclosed in a fruit. • Are the most diverse of all land plants. • The flowering organ is the main mark of the angiosperm as it contains the reproductive organs of the plant. • Monocots and the dicots are the two most familiar groups. Groups of Angiosperms MONOCOTS BASAL ANGIOSPERMS EUDICOTS primarily identified by the presence of a single cotyledon in the seedling shares the characteristics of bot monocots and eudicots characterized by the presence of two cotyledons in the developing shoot Monocots • primarily identifies by the presence of a single cotyledon in the seedling • include veins that run parallel to the length of the leaves and flower parts that are arranged in a threeor six-fold symmetry • no true woody tissue • in palm trees, vascular and parenchyma tissues produces by the primary and secondary thickening of meristems for, the trunk.; the pollen from the first angiosperms was monosculate, containing a single furrow or pore through the outer layer • vascular tissue of the stem is not arranged in any particular pattern • root system is mostly adventitious and usually positioned, with no major tap root • inculde familiar plants such as true lilies (origin of their alternate name: Liliopsida), orchids, grasses, and palms • many important crops are monopods, such as rice and other cereals, corn, sugar cane, and tropical fruits like bananas and pineapples Basal Angiosperms • Magnoliidae • represented by magnolias: tall tress bearing large, fragrant flowers that have many parts and are considered very old fashioned • Laurales • produce fragrant leaves and small, inconspicuous flowers • small trees and shrubs that grow mostly in warmer climates • familiar plants in this group includes: • • • • Bay Laurel Cinnamon Spice Bush Avocado Tree Basal Angiosperms • Nymphaeles • comprised of water lilies, lotus, and similar plants • all species thrive in freshwater biomes and have leaves that float on the water surface or grow underwater • water lilies are particularly prized by gardeners and have graced ponds and pools for thousands of years • Piperales • group of hers, shribs, and small trees that grow in the tropical climates • have small flowers without petals that are tightly arranged in long spikes • many species are the source of prized fragrances or spices • examples: • Berries of Piper nigrum (black peppercorns that are used to flavor many dishes) Eudicots • true dicots are characterized by the presence of two cotyledons in the developing shoot • veins form a network in the leaves, while flower parts come in more than four whorls • vascular tissues form a ring in the stem • can be herbaceous (like grasses), or produce woody tissues • most eudoicots produce pollen that is trisulcate or trisporate with three furrows or pores • root system is usually anchored by one main root developed from the embryonic radicle • eudicots comprise two0thirs of all flowering plants