Control Of Noncommunicable Diseases PDF

CONTROL OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES FRANCIS KYLE G. PAGULAYAN, RTRP INTRODUCTION The WHO reports NCDs to be the leading cause of mortality. Almost 63% of the total deaths were due to NCDs and the remaining 37% were due to CDs (WHO, 2010). In the Philippines, 75% of the...

CONTROL OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES FRANCIS KYLE G. PAGULAYAN, RTRP INTRODUCTION The WHO reports NCDs to be the leading cause of mortality. Almost 63% of the total deaths were due to NCDs and the remaining 37% were due to CDs (WHO, 2010). In the Philippines, 75% of the total deaths can be attributed to NCDs, 30-50% occurred at the age below 60 years (Ulep, 2012) What is a NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE? ▪ It is a medical condition that is noninfectious and nontransmissible. ▪ NCDs are referred to as “chronic diseases” due to their long duration. → The condition interferes with the individual’s way of living a normal life brought about by different signs and symptoms lasting more than 6 months. ▪ “Lifestyle-related diseases” Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular disease Cardiovascular disease ✓ “heart disease” ✓ refer to diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) Cerebrovascular disease ✓ “stroke” ✓ a group of brain dysfunction related to disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain Note: The most common causes of these two diseases are atherosclerosis and hypertension. Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Hypertension → or high BP, is defined as a systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or a diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg Atherosclerosis →is a disease of the blood vessels characterized by the deposition of fats and cholesterol within the walls of the artery (WHO, 2011). Note: Uncontrolled hypertension and atherosclerosis can lead to heart attack, stroke, kidney damage, and a host complications (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2010) Contributing Factors:  A person’s genetic make-up  Socioeconomic group  Mental health  Diet  Overweight and obesity  Inactivity  Tobacco  Alcohol  Diabetes  Globalization and urbanization Prevention: Focusing on risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease Implementing medical screening for individuals at risk Providing effective and affordable treatment to those who require it  Cancer Cancer or malignant neoplasm is a group of various diseases involving unregulated cell growth (Newtow, 2009). The cells divide, grow uncontrollable forming malignant tumors, and invade parts of the body. Substances that cause some cells to undergo genetic mutations are called carcinogens. Risk Factors for Cancer tobacco use unhealthy diet insufficient physical activity the harmful use of alcohol Infections (hepatitis B, hepatitis C (liver cancer), human papillomavirus (HPV; cervical cancer), Helicobacter pylori (stomach cancer) radiation variety of environmental and occupational exposures of varying importance  The majority of cancer deaths Lung, breast, colorectal, stomach and liver cancers In high-income countries, the leading causes of cancer deaths are lung cancer among men and breast cancer among women. In low- and middle-income countries cancer levels vary according to the prevailing underlying risks. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women.  Screening for cancer involves the early detection of the warning signals of cancer developed by the American Cancer Society (Allender, 2010). Warning signals of cancer: a. Change in bowel or bladder habits b. A sore throat that does not heal c. Unusual bleeding or discharge d. Thickening or lump in breast e. Indigestion or difficulty of swallowing f. Obvious change in a wart or mole g. Nagging cough or hoarseness h. Unexplained anemia i. Sudden weight loss WHO’s approach to cancer has five pillars: Prevention Early Detection Screening Treatment Palliative Care Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) It is a disease of the lungs in which the airways narrow over time. It includes chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma, and emphysema. It is estimated that 7% of deaths worldwide are due to chronic respiratory diseases (WHO, 2010) Smoking is a strong risk factor for COPD and statistics shows that 15% of cigarette smokers develop COPD. Second-hand smoke and pollution also aggravate the problem.  Diabetes Diabetes is a group of metabolic disease in which an individual has high blood sugar because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood sugar) or the cells do not respond to the insulin produced. Long term consequences include increased risk of heart disease, kidney disease, blindness, neural damage  Symptoms of Diabetes Increased frequency and amount of urination → Polyuria Increased thirst → Polydipsia Increased hunger → Polyphagia Weight loss, vision changes, and fatigue  Prevention To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should: Achieve and maintain healthy body weight Be physically active - at least 30 minutes of regular, moderate-intensity activity on most days Early diagnosis can be accomplished through relatively inexpensive blood testing Treatment of diabetes involves lowering blood sugar and the levels of other known risk factors that damage blood vessels Tobacco cessation is also important to avoid complications  Control Other cost saving interventions include: Screening and treatment for retinopathy (which causes blindness); Blood lipid control (to regulate cholesterol levels); Screening for early signs of diabetes-related kidney disease and treatment.  RISK FACTORS FOR NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES 1. Physical inactivity o It is defined as less than 5 times of 30 minutes of moderate activity per week, or less than 3 times of 20 minutes of vigorous activity per week (WHO, 2011). o Physical activity is a key determinant of energy expenditure and is thus fundamental to energy balance and weight control.  RISK FACTORS FOR NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES 2. Cigarette smoking → It is a primary risk factor for development of NCDs (Gruber and Zinman, 2001). → Smoking-related diseases like cerebrovascular disease, COPD, and lung cancer → It damages the lining of blood vessels and reduces HDL cholesterol and oxygen in the blood (WHO, 2013).  RISK FACTORS FOR NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES 2. Cigarette smoking → Chemicals found in cigarettes are known to cause cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2004). → It causes lung cancer, cancer of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus (Laudico, 2010).  RISK FACTORS FOR NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES 3. Unhealthy eating “Obesogenic” or unhealthy eating is one of the major risk factors responsible for the global increase of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity worldwide (WHO, 2002). High dietary intakes of saturated fat, trans-fat, cholesterol, and salt, and low intakes of fruits and vegetables and fish are linked to overweight and obesity (WHO, 2011).  RISK FACTORS FOR NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES 4. Excessive alcohol drinking Alcohol may cause malabsorption, inflammation of the GIT, liver problems, and cancer. It is associated with colon and rectal cancer (Bongaerts et al., 2006).  RISK FACTORS FOR NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES 5. Viruses o Viruses play an important role in the development of certain cancers (Philippine Cancer Society, 2010). o Viruses cause mutation by breaking the normal cell’s DNA chain during infection. o HPV : cervical and vulvar cancer o Epstein-Barr virus : nasopharyngeal and anal cancer o HTLV-1 : non-Hodgkin lymphome o HBV & HCV : liver cancer o Oncoviruses → viruses capable of causing cancer  RISK FACTORS FOR NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES 6. Radiation ▪ Radiation is energy emitted and transferred through matter and space. ▪ 2 most common forms: UV and ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays)  RISK FACTORS FOR NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES 6. Radiation Ionizing radiation causes tissue and cell damage by breaking the DNA molecule (Newton, 2009). Solar radiation is the primary source of UV radiation and the major source of skin cancer worldwide (Cadet et al., 2005).  Prevention of NCDs Promote physical activity and exercise Promote healthy diet and nutrition Promote a smoke-free environment Stress management LAWS AFFECTING CONTROL OF NCDs EO No. 958 : National Healthy Lifestyle Advocacy Campaign RA No. 1054 : Free emergency medical and dental treatment for employees RA No. 9211 : Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 RA No. 6425 : Penalties for Violations of the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972  LAWS AFFECTING CONTROL OF NCDs RA No. 9165 : Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 RA No. 8423 : Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997 AO No. 179 s2004 : Guidelines for the Implementation of the National Prevention of Blindness Program Department Personnel Order No. 2005-0547 : Creation of a Program Management Committee for the National Prevention of Blindness Program LAWS AFFECTING CONTROL OF NCDs Proclamation No. 40 : Declaring the month of August every year as “Sight Saving Month” RA No. 7277 : Magna Carta for Disabled Persons RA No. 10352 : An act restructuring the Excise Tax on Alcohol and Tobacco