Respiratory System PDF

Respiratory system 18/8/2023 By: Fathi. A.Ibrahim Components of the respiratory system 1- Nasal cavity 2- Air sinuses 3- Pharynx 4- Larynx 5- Trachea 6- Bronchi 7- Lungs 8- Alveoli Function of the respiratory system  Gasses exchange.  Smell.  Production of...

Respiratory system 18/8/2023 By: Fathi. A.Ibrahim Components of the respiratory system 1- Nasal cavity 2- Air sinuses 3- Pharynx 4- Larynx 5- Trachea 6- Bronchi 7- Lungs 8- Alveoli Function of the respiratory system  Gasses exchange.  Smell.  Production of voice.  Parts of the respiratory system Upper respiratory tract: 1-Nasal cavity 2- Pharynx 3- Larynx 4- Air sinuses Lower respiratory tract Consist of : 1-Trachea 2-bronchi 3- Bronchiole 4- Alveoli  Nasal cavity  The nose is divided into right and left halves by the nasal septum.  Each half of the cavity has olfactory and respiratory parts.  The lateral wall of the cavity has three elevations: 1- superior concha. 2- middle concha 3- inferior concha.  Bellow each concha is a space, called superior, middle and inferior meatus respectively.  They receives the openings of the paranasal air sinuses.  Function of the nose: The nose is for breathing; warming and moistening the inspired air, and cleaning it too.  Paranasal air sinuses  paranasal air sinuses cavities in the maxillae, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.  They have openings in the nasal cavities.  Function: 1 Conditioning of the inspired air 2- Resonance to the voice 3-Lighten the skull bones frontal sphenoid Epistaxis  Bleeding per nose  Risk factors  Vascular  Infectious/Inflammatory  Trauma (most common)  Neoplasm Names of the paranasal air sinuses : 1- Maxillary 2- Frontal 3- Sphenoid 4-Ethmoid  Sinusitis: Cuases 1- Inflammation 2-Allergic 3-Polyp  Pharynx  Is a muscular tube posterior to the nasal and oral cavities.  Divided into three parts: 1-Nasopharynx 1 2-Oropharynx 2 3-Laryngopharynx. 3  Nasopharynx behind the nasal cavities, which contains : 1- Adenoid or pharyngeal tonsil 2- Openings of the eustachian tube Function :equalizes the pressure  Oropharynx: behind the oral cavity, which contains the palatine tonsil. palatine tonsil  Laryngopharynx: behind the larynx ,which contains the piriform fossa.  The piriform fossa is a common site for fish bones or other foreign bodies to become lodged.  Larynx  The larynx is formed of cartilages , ligaments ,membranes and muscles.  The main cartilages of the larynx are: 1- Thyroid cartilage 2- Cricoid cartilage 3- Epiglottis  Function : Its responsible for voice production, because it contains vocal cords.  Trachea  The trachea is a mobile cartilaginous and membranous tube , It begins in the neck as a continuation of the larynx , and divided into right and left bronchi.  The right (main) bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left.  The left (main) bronchus is narrower, longer, and more horizontal than the right.  Each main bronchus divided into bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles Alveoli  The alveoli are functional units of the respiratory system they responsible for gases exchange.  Lung  The lungs are soft, spongy, organs.  Each lung covered by serous membrane, the visceral and parietal pleurae ,space between them the pleural cavity , contains pleural fluid.  The mediastinal surface each lung has a depression called hilum of the lung which transmit. 1- bronchus 2- pulmonary artery 3- two pulmonary veins. Pleural Effusion  It is an abnormal accumulation of pleural fluid about , in the Costodiaphragmatic recess , (normally 5-10 ml of clear fluid)  Causes:  Inflammation, TB, malignancy, congestive heart disease, Pneumonia   Entry of air into the pleural cavity (pneumothorax), Pneumothorax resulting from a penetrating wound of the parietal pleura.  Hydrothorax, and Hemothorax  The accumulation of a significant amount of fluid in the pleural cavity (hydrothorax) may result from pleural effusion Differences between right &left lungs Right Lung Left Lung  Has three lobes  Has two lobes  short and wide  Long and narrow  Has no cardiac notch  Has cardiac notch Hilum of the lung  Muscles of respiration 1-Diaphragm : main inspiratory muscle , act during inspiration. 2-External intercostal muscle, act during inspiration. 3-internal intercostal, muscle act during expiration.