Neuroscience Principles - Lecture Notes PDF

신경과학원리 화 6교시, 목 4교시, 캠B146 정수영 교수 뇌∙인지과학부 Introduction • Neuroscience considers various aspects of human nature. • Curiosity, pain, pleasure, movement, reasoning, learning, memory, emotion, and madness • Neuroscience • Study of the nervous system • The Society for Neuros...

신경과학원리 화 6교시, 목 4교시, 캠B146 정수영 교수 뇌∙인지과학부 Introduction • Neuroscience considers various aspects of human nature. • Curiosity, pain, pleasure, movement, reasoning, learning, memory, emotion, and madness • Neuroscience • Study of the nervous system • The Society for Neuroscience Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience • Prehistoric ancestors • Brain vital to life • Skull surgeries • Evidence: trepanation • Skulls show signs of healing. • Ancient Egypt • Heart: seat of soul and memory (not the head) Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience—(cont.) • Views of the brain: ancient Greece • Correlation between structure and function • Hippocrates • Brain: involved in sensation; seat of intelligence Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience—(cont.) • Views of the brain: the Roman Empire • Views of Greek physician Galen • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Ventricles Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Side and top views of sheep brain Dissected sheep brain Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience—(cont.) • Views of the brain: the Renaissance to 17th century • The brain as a machine • Fluid–mechanical theory of brain function • Descartes: philosophical mind–brain problem Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience—(cont.) • Views of the brain: the 17th and 18th centuries • Gray matter and white matter Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience—(cont.) • Views of the brain: the 18th century • Gross anatomy detailed • Gyri, sulci, and fissures Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience—(cont.) • Views of the brain: the 18th century—(cont.) • Central subdivision: brain and spinal cord • Peripheral division: network of nerves coursing thr ough the body Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience—(cont.) • Views of the brain: the 19th century • Nerve as wires, understanding of electrical phen omena, nervous system can generate electricity • Bell and Magendie: dorsal and ventral roots carry information in opposite directions Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience—(cont.) • Views of the brain: the 19th century—(cont.) • Localization of function in the brain • Charles Bell • Cerebellum: origin of the motor fibers • Cerebrum: destination of sensory fibers • Franz Joseph Gall • Phrenology: bumps on the surface of skull reflect brain surface and related personality traits Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience—(cont.) • Views of the brain: the 19th century—(cont.) • Localization of function in the brain—(cont.) • Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens • Experimental ablation method • Paul Broca • Discrete region of the human cerebrum for speech Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience—(cont.) • Views of the brain: the 19th century—(cont.) • Localization of function in the brain—(cont.) • Regional specialization in different species Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience—(cont.) • Views of the brain: the 19th century—(cont.) • Darwin: evolution of the nervous system • Natural selection • Nervous systems of different species may share common mechanisms. • Rationale for animal models Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the brain: the 19th century • The neuron: the basic functional unit of the brain • Cell theory • Cells • Nerve cells Early depiction of a nerve cell Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroscience Today • Levels of analysis • Molecular neuroscience • Cellular neuroscience • Systems neuroscience • Behavioral neuroscience • Cognitive neuroscience Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroscience Today—(cont.) • The neuroscientist • Education, training, research experience • Clinical vs. experimental research Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroscience Today—(cont.) • Scientific process • Observation • Replication • Interpretation • Verification Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroscience Today—(cont.) • The use of animals in neuroscience research • Animals: renewable natural resources • The more basic the process under investigation, the more distant the evolutio nary relationship with humans • Examples (from simple to more complex): nematodes, insects, snails, squid, rode nts, monkeys, etc. Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroscience Today—(cont.) • The use of animals in neuroscience research—(cont.) • Role of animal welfare societies • Neuroscientists accept certain moral responsibilities. • Ensure that experiments are worthwhile and well planned. • Eliminate or minimize pain and distress to the animal. • All possible alternatives must be considered first. Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroscience Today—(cont.) • The use of animals in neuroscience research—(cont.) • Animal rights • Philosophy • Abolition of animal use • Animal rights activists • False claims of extremists Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroscience Today—(cont.) • The cost of ignorance: nervous system disorders Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Concluding Remarks • Goal of neuroscience: to learn how the nervous system functions • Brain’s activity reflected in behavior • Computer-assisted imaging techniques • New treatments for nervous system disorders • Noninvasive methods • Experiments in live tissue Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved