Introduction to Study Pathophysiology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO STUDY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Related sciences • Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and the physical relationships involved between body parts. • Physiology is the study of how the parts of the body work, and the ways in which they cooperate together to maintain life and hea...

INTRODUCTION TO STUDY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Related sciences • Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and the physical relationships involved between body parts. • Physiology is the study of how the parts of the body work, and the ways in which they cooperate together to maintain life and health of the individual. • Pathology is the study of abnormalities and how they affect body functions, often causing illness. What is the pathophysiology ❖Physiologia gr. fysis = nature, origin; logos = science  Mechanics of the body = Function ❖Pathologia gr. pathos = disease, pain, suffering Anatomic changed that lead to disease ❖Pathophysiologia Mechanics of the disease= Identifying disease Physiology Pathophysiology Life Logic Healthy Study Diseased Pathophysiology - definitions /PaPhy/ ❖ PaPhy is a biomedical science dealing with functional changes in diseased organism. ❖ It studies disordered or altered functions - the physiologic mechanisms altered by disease in the living organism ❖Pathophysiology deals with logic of life under pathological conditions Why to study pathophysiology? 1. It helps to find answers to important questions related to disease processes: a) What is the cause/causes of the disease, and why the disease is developing b) What are the mechanisms responsible for disease onset, progression, and recovery c) What are the mechanisms responsible for development of symptoms and signs of disease 2. If the causes and mechanisms of the disease are understood, then it is easy to find the way to influence them rationally THE MAIN TASKS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • To learn mechanisms of diseases • To help to understand the substance of health ● To help students to understand the logic of life under pathological conditions On this basis student is able, as a result, to build an individual model of disease in a given patient “House of Medicine“ Neurology Gynekology and Obtetrics Surgery Internal medicine Ceiling plate PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Pathology Pharmacology walls Microbiology PHYSIOLOGY Base plate Anat Biol Histol Bioch Foundations Chem Biophys Essential terminology Etiology of disease /aitiá = cause/ Deals with noxae (causes) which are involved in disease onset and with conditions under which the causes are able to induce disease processes (Oposit - etiology of health: deals with factors which promote the health) Pathogenesis /pathos = pain, suffering, distress, genesis - onset/ Deals with mechanisms involved in disease onset and diseases development (pathomechanisms) Pathogen: agent of disease Multifactorial: many factors Idiopathic: no known cause ❖ Signs: objective, measurable, observable by others ❖ it include temperature, pulse, blood pressure, wounds, etc. ❖ Symptoms: un-objective (subjective), feelings (reported by ill person) ❖ Symptoms can include pain, nausea, chills, numbness, fatigue, vertigo, itching, stomach cramps, burning on urination, etc Clinical Manifestation Terms • • • • Local v. systemic Acute vs. chronic Insidious = gradual onset & cumulative; e.g. stress Exacerbation = irritating/ increasing symptoms; e.g. asthma • Subacute = between chronic and acute e.g. subacute endocarditis • Remission = symptom free period e.g. cancer • Asymptomatic = no noticeable symptoms e.g. high BP Diagnosis and Treatment • • • • Diagnosis → identifying label for a disease Prognosis → forecasting outcomes Morbidity → disease rate Mortality → death rate Population Health • Epidemiology = study of diseases within populations • Etiology = study causes of the disease • Key Terms: – – – – – Incidence = rate of occurrence (1 in 10000) Prevalence = % of population (1%) Endemic = regular to a small area Epidemic = larger scale; widespread Pandemic = world-wide Disease Prevention • One of the most important factors of health care/ medicine • Primary prevention = direct action = take precautions = stops it from occuring  Diet, excercise • Secondary prevention = early detection = check up  BP screening, lab tests • Tertiary prevention = treatment & rehabilitation to prevent complications  physical therapy after a stroke