Introduction to Speech, Language, & Communication PDF

Introduction to Speech, Language & Communication Dr. Mohd Azmarul A Aziz Lecturer & Speech-Language Therapist Universiti Sains Malaysia Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 1  Objectives 1. Di...

Introduction to Speech, Language & Communication Dr. Mohd Azmarul A Aziz Lecturer & Speech-Language Therapist Universiti Sains Malaysia Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 1  Objectives 1. Differences among speech, language, and communication. 2. Differences among nonlinguistic, paralinguistic, and metalinguistic aspects of communication. 3. Main properties of language. 4. Five components of language and their descriptions. 5. Understand what a dialect is. 6. Understand the relationship of language components. 7. Understanding the concepts of language use. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 2  What is Language Development? A higher level cognitive skill involving audition and oral abilities in humans to communicate verbally individuals’ wants and needs. Language  complex system involving several components: phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics. Most typically developing children acquire the skills in each of these areas by the end of their ninth year of life. Some children may develop more quickly, others may develop a bit slower. Language develops in a typical sequence across all five areas. Rudd L.C., Kelley H.M. (2011) Language Development. In: Goldstein S., Naglieri J.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development. Springer, Boston, MA. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 3  Communication Skills We all use language to communicate, to express ourselves, to get our ideas across, and to connect with the person to whom we are speaking. When a relationship is working, the act of communicating seems to flow relatively effortlessly. When a relationship is deteriorating, the act of communicating can be as frustrating as climbing a hill of sand.“ Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 4  Speech A verbal means of communicating. The pronunciation  to how well a person can articulate sounds in words. The result of planning and executing specific motor sequences, speech is a process that requires very precise neuromuscular coordination. Each spoken language has specific sounds or phonemes, and sound combinations that are characteristic of that language. Involves other components: voice quality, intonation, stress, melody, rhythm, rate and breathing.  enhance the meaning of the message. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 5  Speech Speech  the articulatory process through which sounds are produced in the vocal tract. A highly complicated acoustic or sound event. Each spoken word is created out of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and consonant speech sound units. Includes perception & production. Speech and language are mutually dependent. Not the only means of face-to-face human communication. Gestures, facial expressions, and body posture to send messages. Nonspeech means may carry up to 60% of the information exchanged. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 6  Speech Speech Perception Speech Production A complex function involving A motor act involving the use of hearing and processing sound the lungs, larynx (vocal folds) sequences according the rules of and articulators in the mouth. a given language. Includes respiration, phonation Refers to the processes by which (voicing), resonance, articulation humans are able to interpret and prosody. and understand the sounds used in language. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 7  Speech Speech Production System Adami, A.G. (2010). Automatic Speech Recognition: From the Beginning to the Portuguese Language. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 8  Language A socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols. Speakers know the meanings of these symbols, organized in certain ways to convey ideas. Each language has its own unique symbols and rules for symbol combinations. Languages change and evolve  i.e. bilingualism. Languages that don’t evolve, grow, and change become obsolete. Languages can grow as their respective cultures change. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 9  Language Most languages can be transmitted by speech, speech is not an essential feature of language (i.e. sign language). Sign Language is not a mirror of ‘that’ language but is a separate language with its own rules for symbol combinations. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association definition of language:  A complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought and communication.  Evolves within specific historical, social, and cultural contexts.  As rule-governed behavior, is described by at least five parameters—phonologic, morphologic, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic.  Language learning and use are determined by the intervention of biological, cognitive, psychosocial, and environmental factors.  Effective use of language for communication requires a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation,and sociocultural roles. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 10  Language Languages exist because users have agreed on the symbols to be used and the rules to be followed (e.g. /pechah/  /pecah/). Users agree to follow the rules of a language system, they can also agree to change the rules (i.e. DVD, internet, blog). Humans use language to communicate through a number of means: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Users of one language can borrow words from another. Meanings and words are changed slightly to conform to linguistic and cultural differences (e.g. tsunami). Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 11 Language: Symbol-Referent Relationship Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 12  Communication The exchange of information and Process of Communication ideas, needs and desires, between two or more individuals. Speech and language are parts of communication process. The process is an active one that involves encoding, transmitting, and decoding the intended message. Communicative competence  degree to which a speaker is successful in Competent communicator is able to: communicating, measured by the - conceive, formulate, modulate, and issue appropriateness and effectiveness of messages and to perceive the degree to which intended meanings are successfully the message. conveyed. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 13  Communication Human communication: is a complex, systematic, collaborative, context-bound tool for social action. Complexity can be demonstrated by the multifaceted and multifunctional aspects of the process including mental processes, such as memory and planning, exercised within the cultural beliefs, situational variables, and social conventions of the individual participants. Although complex, communication is a systematic pattern of behavior. Communication is collaborative. Partners actively coordinate construction of a joint dialogue as they negotiate to understand each other’s meanings. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 14  Communication Communication is a tool for social action  accomplish things as we communicate. Speaker 1: Are you busy? Speaker 2: No, not really. Speaker 1: Well, if you could, please take a look at my lesson plan. Speaker 2: Okay.  Speaker 1 used politeness to accomplish his goals.  By prefacing his request with a question, he invited speaker 2 to respond in a positive way. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 15  Other Aspects of Communication Other aspects of communication that may enhance or change the linguistic code: Relationships of Speech, Language, and Communication 1. Paralinguistics  how we say what we say - the tone, pacing and volume of our voices. 2. Nonlinguistics the message we send through our body language. 3. Metalinguistics  the awareness and control of linguistic components of language (the ability to think and discuss language). Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 16  Paralinguistics Including intonation, stress or emphasis, speed or rate of delivery, and pause or hesitation, are superimposed on speech to signal attitude or emotion. It is how we say something, not what we say. All components of the signal are integrated to produce the meaning. Intonation, the use of pitch, is the most complex of all paralinguistic codes and is used to signal the mood of an utterance. Suprasegmental devices  change the form and meaning of a sentence by acting across elements, or segments, of a sentence (i.e. pitch). i. You’re coming, aren’t you.↓(Telling) ii. You’re coming, aren’t you↑(Asking) Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 17  Nonlinguistics Gestures, body posture, facial expression, eye contact, head and body movement, and physical distance or proxemics convey information without the use of language. The effectiveness of these devices varies with users and between users. Cultural? Some nonlinguistic messages, such as a wink, a grimace, a pout, or folded arms, can convey the entire message. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 18  Metalinguistics The ability to talk about language, analyze it, think about it, judge it, and see it as an entity separate from its content or out of context. E.g. learning to read and write  depends on metalinguistic awareness of the component units of language—sounds, words, phrases, and sentences. E.g. you do not usually speak to a teacher in the same way you would speak to a friend. Metalinguistic skills  used to judge the correctness or appropriateness of the language we produce and receive - thus signaling the status of the transmission or the success of communication. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 19  Properties of Language – A Social Tool Language is a social interactive tool that is both rule governed and generative, or creative. An inherent tool for social interaction  a system that human beings rely on to socialise and to strengthen social bonds with others. An integral factor for a nation’s culture and provides for a nation’s ‘cultural capital’. Provides for an individual’s personal identity, language identity and linguistic capital (Meyer-Schwartzenberger, 2013). Mibenge C. English language: A ‘tool’ for social connectedness: A study of native teens in Botswana. Power and Education. 2016;8(2):196-202. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 20  Properties of Language – A Rule-Governed System Every language has its own structures and rules. Language includes not only the rules but also the process of rule usage and the resulting product. Linguistic competence  A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. Linguistic performance  Linguistic knowledge in actual usage. Many reasons for the discrepancy between competence and performance in normal language users.  ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and region of the country. These account for dialects and regionalisms. Dialectal speakers do not have a language disorder, just a different way of saying things. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 21  Properties of Language – A Generative System Language is a generative system  to generate / to produce, or bring into existence. A knowledge of the rules permits speakers to generate meaningful utterances. Speakers can create an almost infinite number of sentences. This creativity occurs for several reasons:  Words can refer to more than one entity.  Entities can be called more than one name.  Words can be combined in a variety of ways. Sentence can:  Combine nouns and verbs.  Modify each sentence by adding adverbs and adjectives, articles and prepositions.  Combining sentences or rearranging words to create other variations. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 22  Components of Language A human system of communication that uses arbitrary signals such as voice sounds, gestures or written symbols following a set of rules to represent thoughts and ideas. Language can best be explained by breaking it down into its functional components. Receptive Language The ability to comprehend vocabulary, directions, concepts and questions. Expressive Language The ability to express oneself. i.e. put words together, describe actions, telling story, answering questions. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 23  Components of Language Phonology A discipline of linguistic to study how the speech sounds are organized in a language. Morphology The study of word formation and structures (how words are put together and the rules). Syntax The study of the rules that govern the ways in which words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Semantic The study of meaning of words and sentences Pragmatic The appropriate use of language in social situation Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 24  Syntax Syntax is one of the major The boy kicks the ball components of grammar. Explaination : Contain the rules that S–V–O enable us to combine morphemes /structure of Noun phrase + Verb phrase phrases into sentences. ( Article + Noun) + ( Verb + Noun Syntactic rules become phrase ) increasingly complex as the child develops i.e. combine words with suffixes or inflections. Syntax vary from one language to another. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 25  Syntax Hierarchical Sentence Structure Within the noun and verb phrases, a number of different word classes can be arranged to form a variety of sentences. Many words could be used within each word class to form sentences such as “The young man ate his hamburger quickly” or “The mad racer drove his car recklessly.” Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 26  Morphology The internal organization of Two types of morphemes free and words. bound. A morpheme is the smallest indivisible unit Free morphemes  independent and can of a language that retains stand alone (form words or parts of words). meaning. E.g. dog, big, and happy. Example : Bound morphemes  grammatical markers Cats (cat – morpheme ; s – that cannot function independently (must plural ) be attached to free morphemes or to other Use morpheme to count bound morphemes). E.g. -s, -est, un-, and - mean length utterance (MLU) ly, plural, most, negative, and manner. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 27  Morphology Bound morphemes are attached to nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Count the number of morphemes in Either derivational or inflectional in each word/phrase nature. Alligator Calmly undo Regrouping Corner Interesting More cracker Frightening Children Prepay Ladybird Bargain He go he go bye bye Morpheme Classes and Examples Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 28  Phonology The rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. Each language employs a variety of speech sounds or phonemes. Phonetic A discipline of linguistics to study the production and perception of speech sounds. Phoneme The smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word different from another word. Changes in one phoneme will change the meaning of word, i.e. Cat – Bat. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 29  Phonology Transcribing phonemes  place them within slashes, such as /p/; follows the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Phonemes are classified by their acoustic or sound properties. i. The way they are produced (how the airstream is modified) – manner of articulation. ii. Their place of production (where along the vocaltract the modification occurs) – place of articulation. iii. Vibration of the vocal folds – voicing. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 30 Phonology and Phonetics https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/10966962/consonant-chart-for-english Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 31  Phonology and Phonetics https://www.slideshare.net/Andriyanieka12/6-consonants-articulation-aspects-21298487 Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 32 Phonology and Phonetics Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 33  Semantic A system of rules governing the Examples: Semantic meaning or content of words and word combinations. Each word has an exclusive set of distinctive features. Semantic development in early Dog : animal, four legs, bark, pet childhood is a slow and gradual process. It takes far longer than their phonological and syntactic development  complexity of the semantic system. Doll : can be cuddled, played with, toy More general features learned before specified one. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 34  Semantic World knowledge  an individual’s autobiographical and experiential understanding and memory of particular events. Word knowledge  contains word and symbol definitions and is primarily verbal. Word knowledge forms each person’s mental dictionary or thesaurus called a lexicon. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 35  Pragmatic Refers to the social language skills we use in our daily interaction with others. Concentrates on language as a communication tool that is used to achieve social ends  the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. Discourse language activity, such as having a conversation or telling a narrative; how a set of utterances is used to convey a message. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 36  Pragmatic Pragmatics consists of the following: Communication intentions and recognized ways of carrying them out. Conversational principles or rules. Types of discourse, such as narratives and jokes, and their construction. Successful pragmatics requires understanding of the culture and of individuals. In order to be valid, speech must do three things: 1. Involve the appropriate persons and circumstances. 2. Be complete and correctly executed by all participants. 3. Contain the appropriate intentions of all participants. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 37  Pragmatic Examples: Pragmatic Greeting Requesting Giving information Understanding verbal and non verbal cues Establishing and maintaining eye contact Initiating and maintaining a conversation Taking turn Topic maintenance Use of language in play Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 38  Relationship of Language Components Model of Language The components of language do provide a convenient framework for us to discuss language development. It may be helpful to think of the relationship between language components. Language is heavily influenced by context. Context, both situational and linguistic, determines the language user’s communication options. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 39  Relationship of Language Components Form Includes the linguistic elements that connect sounds and symbols with meaning Content Component of language that involves meaning Use Component of language that encompasses rules governing the use of language in social context Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 40  Relationship of Language Components Phonology The study of how speech sounds are organised form The study of word Morphology formation and structure Language The study of sentence Syntax structure content Semantic The study of word meanings use The study of how Pragmatics language is used socially Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 41  Dialects A variety of a language that signals where a person comes from. The notion is usually interpreted geographically (regional dialect), but it also has some application in relation to a person’s social background (class dialect) or occupation (occupational dialect). A dialect is chiefly distinguished from other dialects of the same language by features of linguistic structure i.e., grammar (specifically morphology and syntax) and vocabulary. In morphology (word formation), various dialects in the northern region states have ayaq, ayor instead of air and, in syntax (sentence structure), there are “depa minum ayor” “hampa minum ayaq”. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 42 Language Competence vs. Language Performance Competence  the native speaker’s knowledge of his language, the system of rules, his ability to produce and understand. The unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language. Performance  the actual use of the language in real-life situation. Performance of a speaker can be affected by different extralinguistic factors such as fatigue, etc. which do not affect the competence. Therefore, the speaker’s knowledge of the structure of language is his linguistic competence and the way in which it is uses his linguistic performance. Competence involves “knowing” the language and performance involves “doing” something with the language. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 43  Descriptive Language vs. Prescriptive language Descriptive  a study of a language, its structure, and its rules as they are used in daily life by its speakers from all walks of life, including standard and nonstandard varieties. Prescriptive  how a language and its grammar rules should be used. Hinkel, E. (2018). Descriptive Versus Prescriptive Grammar. The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching, 1-6. Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 44 Language Development USM 2024: Mohd Azmarul A Aziz 45