Introduction to Oxygenation and Rhinitis PDF

Lesson 1: Introduction to Oxygenation THURSDAY, September 12, 2024 The Respiratory System ✓ Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis - "hay fevor An allergic Respiratory System: Oxygen Delivery System...

Lesson 1: Introduction to Oxygenation THURSDAY, September 12, 2024 The Respiratory System ✓ Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis - "hay fevor An allergic Respiratory System: Oxygen Delivery System reaction to hay, pollen from trees, grassas, and The respiratory system is the set of organs that allows a woods, curs mainly in the spring and fall, when pollen person to breathe and exchange oxygen and carbon from trees, grasses and weeds are in the air dioxide throughout the body. ✓ Perennial Allergic Rhinitis - caused by allergens The integrated system of organs involved in the intake that are present all-year long Primary causes of this and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the type of rhinitis are allergies to dust mites, mold, body and the environment and including the nasal animal hair and cockroach debris. passages, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs. The respiratory system performs two major tasks: Non-Allergic Rhinitis - Not caused by allergens. Smoke, Exchanging air between the body and the outside chemicals, or irritating environmental conditions may provoke environment known as external respiration. this. The most common cause is the common cold. Bringing oxygen to the cells and removing carbon di from ✓ Acute Viral Rhinitis caused by a variety of viruses, them referred to as internal respiration. usually the common cold. Symptoms consist of runny nose, sneezing, congestion, postnasal drip, cough, and low-grade fever. ✓ Chronic Viral Rhinitis usually an extension of rhinitis caused by inflammation or a viral infection. Causes nasal obstruction and in severe cases, crusting, frequent bleeding, and thick, foul-smelling, pus-fille discharge from the nose. o Atrophic Rhinitis - a form of rhinitis in which the mucous membrane thins (atrophies) and hardens, causing the nasal Functions Of Respiratory System passages to widen (dilate) and dry out. o Vasomotor Rhinitis - a form of chronic 1. Supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon rhinitis. Nasal stuffiness, sneezing, and a dioxide runny nose- common allergic symptoms- 2. Filters inspired air occur when allergies do not seem to be 3. Produces sound present 4. Contains receptors for smell ✓ Rhinitis Medicamentosa "rebound congestion". 5. Rids the body of some excess water and heat Severe nasal congestion caused by overuse of 6. Helps regulate blood pH decongestant nasal sprays and drops Breathing Breathing (pulmonary ventilation). Consists of two cyclic phases: Etiology o Inhalation, also called inspiration-draws gases into Age: All ages the lungs. Sex: Both sex o Exhalation, also called expiration-forces gases out of Predisposing Factors: Hereditary, Humoral, Climate, the lungs Emotional RHINITIS it is the inflammation the nasal mucous membrane of the nose. Pathophysiology DENDRITIC CELL - Their main function is to process antigen material and prevent it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems. T CELLS – Part of immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. They help protect the body from infection. Types of Rhinitis CYTOKINES - small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune Allergic Rhinitis - Caused by allergies to substances called system cells and blood cells. When released, they signal allergens Commonly associated with exposure to airborne the immune system to do its job. particles such as dust, dander, or plant pollens in people who MAST CELLS - play an important role in how the immune are allergic to these substances. 1 NCM 112 Oxygenation CIRUJALES ROMER BSN3B  Lesson 1: Introduction to Oxygenation THURSDAY, September 12, 2024 system responds to certain bacteria and parasites and PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS they help control other types of immune responses. They Saline Nasal Spray contain chemicals such as histamine, heparin, cytokines 1. Antihistamine Nasal Spray and growth factors. 2. Nasal Corticosteroid Spray (Fluticasone) 3. Nasal Decongestants (Oxymetaxoline) 4. Oral Decongestants (Pseudoephedrine) NURSING INTERVENTIONS Treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) can be divided into 3 categories: (1) avoidance of allergens or environmental controls, (2) medications, and (3) allergen-specific immunotherapy (sublingual or allergy shots) Identification of the allergen - Identification and elimination are easiest for dust mite allergens; pollen is more difficult to avoid because daily activities must be altered to do so; an easy intervention is to keep the windows closed, which is easily accomplished in air- conditioned homes and must be done throughout the year. Use of nasal sprays - Teach the patient and parents on how to use nasal sprays by blowing the nose first then administering the medication. Encourage thorough cleaning of the house - Encourage a routine cleaning of the house, furniture, and equipment which may house dust and other pollens. Encourage medication compliance - Administer pharmacologic treatment as ordered by the physician. DIAGNOSTICS No studies are needed in allergic rhinitis (AR) if the patient has a straightforward history. When the history is confusing, various studies are helpful, including the following: Skin Prick Test - This rest is highly sensitive and specific for geroallergens. Allergens are being introduced using a- skin prick and reaction of body is seen to confirm allergy to a particular allergen. Serum allergen specific IgE testing: a. Total eosinophil count - An elevated eosinophil count supports the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. b. Total serum IgE levels - The measurement of the total levels of IgE in the blood. An elevated serum of IgE level supports allergic rhinitis diagnosis Nasal Smear Test - A sample of secretions and isis scrape from the cells s mucosa using a surface of the nasal special sampling probe. Eosinophils usually indicate allergy. 2 NCM 112 Oxygenation CIRUJALES ROMER BSN3B