Introduction To Helicopter Design PDF

BASIC HELICOPTER & PROPELLER DESIGN   ...

BASIC HELICOPTER & PROPELLER DESIGN    Prepared By Engr. Shiara Denise M. Valencia  Aircraft Classification AIRCRAFT aerostat aerodyne airship Engine driven Without engine Fixed wing Rotary wing ornithopter Glider, sailplane Free balloon kite Kite balloon amphibian gyrocopter Land plane Helicopter Sea plane Helicopter Icao annex 1: A heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on one or more power driven rotors on substantially vertical axes. A helicopter is an aircraft that is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors, each rotor consisting of two or more rotor blades. BASIC HELI & PRO P DESIGN INTRO DUCTIO N 4 Helicopter Operations INTRODUCTION 6 Search and Rescue (SAR) Helicopters are often used in search and rescue missions due to their ability to reach remote or difficult-to-access areas. They can hover, land in tight spaces, and carry out rescues from land, sea, or mountains. Medical Evacuation (MedEvac) Helicopters are used to transport critically injured or ill patients quickly to hospitals. They are equipped with medical supplies and staffed by paramedics or doctors. Law Enforcement Police and other law enforcement agencies use helicopters for surveillance, crowd control, and pursuit of suspects. The aerial view allows for better monitoring of large areas. Military Operations Helicopters play a crucial role in military operations, including troop transport, reconnaissance, and close air support. They can operate in various terrains and conditions. Firefighting Helicopters are used to fight wildfires by dropping water or fire retardant on the flames. They can also transport firefighters and equipment to hard-to-reach areas. Agricultural Operations Helicopters are used in agriculture for tasks such as crop dusting, seeding, and monitoring crops. They can cover large areas quickly and with precision. Aerial Surveying and Mapping Helicopters are used to conduct aerial surveys, gather data, and create maps. This is especially useful in areas that are difficult to access by land. Transportation Helicopters are used to transport people and goods, especially in areas where other forms of transportation are impractical or too slow. Tourism Helicopters provide aerial tours of scenic locations, giving passengers a bird's-eye view of landscapes, cities, or natural wonders. Tourism Construction Helicopters can be used to lift and place heavy materials or equipment in construction projects, especially in areas that are difficult to reach with traditional cranes. “Helicopters are multi-mission machines, one of the most important missions they have, are saving lives.” — Rossi Morreale INTRO DUCTIO N 19  Helicopters are classified as rotorcraft or rotary-wing aircraft to distinguish them from fixed-wing aircraft. the helicopter derives its source of lift from the rotor blades rotating around a mast. BASIC HELI & PRO P DESIGN INTRO DUCTIO N 20 The Helicopter Timeline  The word “helicopter” is adapted from the French hélicoptère, coined by Gustave de Ponton d’Amécourt in 1861. It is linked to the Greek words helix/helikos (“spiral” or “turning”) and pteron (“wing”). BASIC HELI & PRO P DESIGN INTRO DUCTIO N 22  1500 -Leonardo da Vinci, who made drawings and models of a "helix.“ 1800 -Several small models of helicopters that did fly. 1907 -The French engineer Louis Breguet built a man-carrying helicopter that actually rose from the ground, but was highly unstable and had no means of control. BASIC HELI & PRO P DESIGN INTRO DUCTIO N 23  1500 1800 1907 BASIC HELI & PRO P DESIGN INTRO DUCTIO N 24  1921 -The U.S. Army contracted with Dr. George de Bothezat to build a helicopter, 1922 -From the U.S. Army the large four-rotor machine did actually fly. BASIC HELI & PRO P DESIGN INTRO DUCTIO N 25  1921-1922 BASIC HELI & PRO P DESIGN INTRO DUCTIO N 26  AUTOGIRO Juan de la Cierva 1895-1936 BASIC HELI & PRO P DESIGN INTRO DUCTIO N 27  1930 -Hundreds of experimental helicopters were built in America and abroad with varying degrees of success. 1939 -Igor Sikorsky flew his VS-300, with which he solved many of the control problems that had plagued other experimenters. BASIC HELI & PRO P DESIGN INTRO DUCTIO N 28 1930 1939 BASIC HELI & PRO P DESIGN INTRO DUCTIO N 29 BASIC HELI & PRO P DESIGN INTRO DUCTIO N 30 Types of Helicopter Single-Rotor Helicopters The most common type of helicopter with one main rotor for lift and a tail rotor to counteract the torque. Tandem Rotor Helicopters These helicopters have two main rotors—one at the front and one at the back—which rotate in opposite directions. Coaxial Rotor Helicopters Equipped with two rotors mounted on the same axis, rotating in opposite directions, eliminating the need for a tail rotor. Compound Helicopters These helicopters have additional propulsion systems, such as jet engines or wings, to achieve higher speeds. Tiltrotor Helicopters A hybrid between a helicopter and an airplane, tiltrotor aircraft have rotors that can tilt to act as propellers for forward flight.  Intermeshing Rotor Helicopters (Synchropter) These have two rotors that are mounted close together, intermeshing without hitting each other, eliminating the need for a tail rotor. Notar Helicopters (No Tail Rotor) These use a system that eliminates the need for a tail rotor by directing airflow along the tail boom for stability. Types of Helicopter Each type of helicopter has specific advantages depending on the mission requirements, such as speed, lifting capacity, or maneuverability.