1. Introduction_1.pdf

Physiology BIO/MSB313 Guidelines: 1. Books: follow the slides and explore reading material, apart from “Hill and Wyse” and “Eckert” 2. Slides will follow, after the class as they are baked fresh. Please do not use them as study material, they are rather guidelines. 3. Exam: Research aptitude...

Physiology BIO/MSB313 Guidelines: 1. Books: follow the slides and explore reading material, apart from “Hill and Wyse” and “Eckert” 2. Slides will follow, after the class as they are baked fresh. Please do not use them as study material, they are rather guidelines. 3. Exam: Research aptitude and understanding will be tested but it will cater to all 4. Exam will cover everything discussed in the classroom 5. Feel free to give suggestions any time.  What is physiology? Use of scientific method Importance of blinded experiment Concept of homeostasis (milieu interieur/Internal environment) Importance of pancreas in digestion Function of liver in metabolism Nervous system in vasocontrol Claude Bernard (1813-1878) Levels of organization Leonardo Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man  Structural adaptations Tokay Gecko The foot pad Surface area of lamellae exaggerated by bristles Jonty Rhodes  Alex Honnold, “honnolding” http://nautil.us/issue/39/sport/the-strange-brain-of-the-worlds-greatest-solo-climber  How do we achieve homeostasis? Capuchin monkey Monarch butterfly Marine snail A regulator An avoider A conformer  Feedback system and homeostasis Control center Receptor Feedback loop Effector stimulus Homeostasis  Negative feedback Thermo-regulation Regulation of blood glucose  Positive feedback Uterine contraction during child birth https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220620-why-humans-evolved-to-have-fingers-that-wrinkle-in-the-bath  Phenotypic plasticity Normal and predator induced Dry and wet-season gaudy Omnivore and carnivore-morph spadefoot toad Broad aerial and narrow sub-merged leaves in water water fleas commodore butterfly tadpoles crowfoot plant Small and large-horned dung-beetles The “Giraffic” problem: from physiology to evolution Physiology to evolution Early unicellular organisms Complex organization and regulation  Biological processes at the heart of regulation Protein coding in DNA and RNA  Compartmentalization Apical surface (mucosal surface) Basal surface (Serosal surface)  Specialized surfaces of epithelium Functional asymmetry of the epithelial cell Different sets of channels/transporters/receptors/enzymes/ph ospholipids  Organization of cells within the epithelium Apical region Basolateral region 10-20nm 10-20nm Seal the internal structure Tight junctions: Where the membranes fuse Near the apical surface all around the perimeter  Looks simple but it’s complicated ZO-1: Zona Occludens LSR: Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor PECAM: Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule JAM: Junctional Adhesion Molecules VE-Cadherin: Vascular endothelial-cadherin  Gap junctions Desmosomes: Glycoprotein filament from two cells intermingle Gap junctions: Desmosomes with pores (connexins)