Introduction To Anatomy And Physiology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY GERALD DALE GIRON MD MHM FPAFP DPSAi RMT Department of Human Structural Biology Intended Learning Outcomes ◦ Define Anatomy and Physiology. ◦ Discuss the different divisions of Anatomy and Physiology. ◦ Describe the levels of structural orga...

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY GERALD DALE GIRON MD MHM FPAFP DPSAi RMT Department of Human Structural Biology Intended Learning Outcomes ◦ Define Anatomy and Physiology. ◦ Discuss the different divisions of Anatomy and Physiology. ◦ Describe the levels of structural organization of the human body. ◦ Discuss the major organs and functions of each organ system. ◦ Describe the Normal Anatomical Position. Intended Learning Outcomes ◦ Describe the Anatomical Planes and Sections of the body. ◦ Identify the abdominopelvic quadrants and the nine regions. ◦ Describe terminologies used in anatomy. ◦ Describe the two major body cavities, their subdivisions, and membranes. ◦ Describe the general nature of metabolism. ◦ Discuss homeostasis. Anatomy and Physiology Defined ◦Anatomy is the science of structure and the relationships among structures. ◦Physiology is the science of body functions, that is, how the body parts function. ◦The structure of a part often determines how it will function.  Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy/Histology Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Anatomy – Levels of Study Neuroanatomy Normal gross and microscopic features and development of the nervous system aka Neural HSB Anatomy – Levels of Study Embryology Origin and development of the human body from fertilization of the ovum to extrauterine life aka Developmental HSB Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1 Divisions of Anatomy Cell physiology Neurophysiology Pathophysiology Cardiovascular physiology Respiratory physiology Renal physiology Endocrinology Exercise physiology Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by the heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Organ System Overview Reproductive Production of offspring The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures The Language of Anatomy ANATOMICAL POSITION The person is: Standing erect Head, eyes, toes directed forward Heels and toes together flat on the ground Upper limbs hanging by the sides with the palms facing forward Anatomical Planes and Sections Median or Midsagittal Plane Equal right and left Only one medial plane Sagittal Unequal right and left Coronal or Frontal Plane Equal or unequal front and back Body Planes Orientation and Directional Terms Orientation and Directional Terms Orientation and Directional Terms Superficial – structure closer to the surface of the body Deep – farther away from the surface of the body Ipsilateral – means on the same side Contralateral – opposite side Types of Ordinary Body Movements ·Flexion – movement that forms an acute angle between approximating body parts ·Extension – forms an obtuse angle between two parts; angle is increased; joint is straightened ·Rotation – movement of the body part around its long axis Types of Ordinary Body Movements ·Abduction – movement away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane ·Adduction – toward body in coronal plane ·Circumduction – combination Body Movements  Special Movements ·Protraction – to move forward as in forward movement of the jaw. ·Retraction – move backward ·Elevation – to raise a body part ·Depression – to lower a body part  Special Movements · Supination – lateral rotation of the forearm from pronated position; palm faces anteriorly · Pronation – medial rotation of the forearm; palm faces posteriorly · Inversion – movement of the foot; sole faces in a medial direction or inward · Eversion – opposite; faces lateral direction or outward Body Landmarks Anterior Body Landmarks Posterior Body Cavities Dorsal Cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Ventral Cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic Quadrants Abdominopelvic Regions Abdominopelvic Major Organs Life Processes ◦Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. ◦Responsiveness is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its environment. ◦Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles inside cells. Life Processes oGrowth is an increase in body size. It may be due to an increase in the size of existing cells, the number of cells, or the amount of material surrounding cells. oDifferentiation is the process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells. oReproduction is the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual. Homeostasis ◦Maintenance of relatively stable conditions ◦Ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body THANK YOU