Indian Architecture Notes PDF 2017-2018

1 College of Architecture University of Santo Tomas HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 1st Semester Ay 2017-2018 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE (2,500 B.C. – Present) I...

1 College of Architecture University of Santo Tomas HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 1st Semester Ay 2017-2018 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE (2,500 B.C. – Present) INDUS REGION - home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations Consists of the entire Indian peninsula and portions of the Asian mainland, once included Pakistan, and Bangladesh Materials: 1. Stone - Fine red and cream sandstone in Agra used mainly as facing for rubble walling - Stone of carpentry works using white marble of Rajasthan in the north - Granite of Deccan and volcanic potstone (soapstone - metamorphic rock of talc schist) of Halebid, center and southern part 2. Lack of building stone and the availability of timber along the Indus and Ganges valley - Teakwood - Burma - Softwood deodar - Northern mountain ranges - Shisham (Indian Rosewood) - hardwood found in the river valleys of the north 3. Bricks and Terra Cotta - Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab Religion: Religion plays an important role in the everyday life than in the West as it was the basis of social structure 1. Vedism and Brahmanism  Polytheistic religion brought around 1500 B.C.E. by invading Aryan tribes who gradually conquered the earlier Indus Civilization (already in its decline). 2. Hinduism  Hindu is derived from the river Sindhu or Indus, Santana Dharma (immemorial tradition) – Sanskrit term  Sanskrit is the sacred language  Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated from Hinduism which also shares the concept of dharma. Dharma - moral order, duty and right action  Believes in reincarnation- rebirth, kharma- person’s misfortune are the result of his or her own misdeeds in a previous life and ahimsa- nonviolence and respect for all living things.  Caste System – a social group, based partly on occupation which grew up with Hinduism A. Brahmins – priests B. Kshatriyas – kings and warriors C. Vaisyas – merchants and farmers D. Sudras – workers E. Untouchables – outcasts 3. Jainism  Established in the 6th c. BCE by Vardhamana, called Mahavira “the Great Hero” or Jina, the “Victorious One”.  Based on asceticism and ahimsa, theory and practice of non-violence (non-injury to all living things) 4. Buddhism  Religion and philosophy founded in northeastern India in the 5th c. B.C.E., and based on the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama, a Sakya prince known as Buddha the enlightened one. C.L.AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA 3, 1ST Term 2017-18  2  Adopted some ideas from Hinduism, doctrine of karma, but rejected caste system and all of its gods. 5. Islamic MT. MERU  SACRED MOUNTAIN (Hindu, Jain and Buddhist cosmology) is considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes.  “MIDDLE OF THE EARTH”– connection between heaven and earth. B. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  Monolithic  Monumental  Free standing construction  Rock-cut buildings Laid down by Brahmanism (Barabar) and by Jainism (Udayagiri and Khandagiri). Buddhist - magnificent development and artistic character INDUS CIVILIZATION (2,500 B.C. - )  Civilization began to develop around the Indus River o MERGARH, Pakistan - Neolithic site considered as the first urban civilization of South Asia in 6500-6000 BCE. Precursor to the Indus Valley Civilization  Writing and counting, built drainage systems that ran into brick-lined sewers and dug canals to irrigate their farms were developed systems  Indus civilization is based on three basic concepts - sacred, universal and ritualistic  Principal cities planned systematically: 1. Harappa, Punjab – elevated citadel (urban center) 2. Mohenjo-Daro, Sindh - town proper consisting of houses and market palaces 3. Dholavira – another significant http://jahojalal.blogspot.com/2010/01/m site, which has some of the best ehrgarh-first-urban-civilization-of.html preserved stone architecture. - Had several large reservoirs, and an elaborate system of drains to collect water from the city walls and house tops to fill these water tanks. As URBAN Centers:  Served as an alternative political centralization or capital.  Large and complex hill citadels, housing palaces, granaries, and baths used also for sacred ablutions.  Cities were well planned with main and secondary streets, public and private wells, drains, bathing platforms and reservoirs.  Houses of the city were constructed of bricks and consisted of apartments built around an open courtyard. C.L.AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA 3, 1ST Term 2017-18  3 BUDDHISM  MAURYA DYNASTY First Indian Empire founded and headed by Chandragupta, ASHOKA (273-232 B.C.), the greatest Mauryan king was converted to Buddhism and spend the rest of his life spreading it. o India became a great center of learning with universities attracting scholars from China and South East Asia. o After Ashoka’s death about 232 B.C., the Mauryan Empire slowly declined. BUDDHIST ART AND ARCHITECTURE:  Designed for congregational use  Monumental and sophisticated  Symbolic forms: 1. Lotus – divinity/ man’s salvation 2. Wheel – cycle of life, death and rebirth/ teaching of Buddha 3. Four animals – 4 quarters of the compass 4. Lion – Sakyamuni Buddha known as the Lion of the Sakya Clan. 5. Elephant, Horse, etc. 6. Tree (enlightenment) A. STAMBHAS OR LATHS  Pillar symbolizes the world axis(axis mundi)  Monumental pillars standing free without any structural function, with circular or octagonal shafts.  Inscriptions carved on the shaft.  Polished sandstone or metal some as high as 18 -21 m.  Columns crowned with bell-shaped capitals and decorated with one or more animals joined together.  Persopolitan and Graeco-Roman type Lion Capital, Column erected by Emperor Ashoka (272-232 BC) B. ROCK-CUT SANCTUARIES/CAVE TEMPLES First rock cut technique was initiated by Emperor Ashoka The Barabar and Nagarjuni caves excavated were hewn out of the granite rock Consist of : 1. CHAITYAGRIHAS/CHAITYA – place worship, assembly halls 2. VIHARA – monasteries Examples: 1. Ajanta Caves Contains 29 caves Most magnificent examples of rock cut architecture and cave paintings which dates back to the 5th c. The paintings and sculptures of major events in the life Buddha are considered masterpieces of Buddhist religious art. 2. Ellora Caves Excavated from the solid rock and symbolizes the three faiths of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. 350 AD to 700 AD, finest examples of rock cut cave - temple architecture houses, detailed facades and exceptionally carved interiors. 34 caves: o 12 caves to the south are Buddhist, o 17caves in the center are Hinduism, o 5 caves to the north are Jainism 3. Chaitya Hall, Karli, 100 AD Nave of 17.7 m. high, 36.45 m. long and 12.9 m. wide. Leads to a monolithic stupa in the apse C.L.AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA 3, 1ST Term 2017-18  4 Aisle formed by a series of massive columns crowned with male and female riders on elephants CHAITYAGRIHAS/CHAITYA – worship hall, assembly or prayer hall Chaitya hall consists of: a. Ornamental façade b. Central hall divided by means of pillars into a nave and aisles c. Rock-cut stupa at the rear end of the hall with enough space around it for performing the rite of circumambulation (pradakshina patha) Roof supplemented by wooden ribs STAMBAH Elevation STUPA Stambah Aisles Entrance Nave Aisles Plan Chaitya Hall, Karli, India https://www.mtholyoke.edu VIHARA – monasteries  Residence of Buddhist priests and meant for their congregational prayer and to facilitate religious services around the shrine with the principal symbol of worship which is the stupa. Consist of one main or small halls, chapels or open courtyard surrounded by rows of cells (bedrooms) excavated in the walls on three sides. Ajanta Caves VIHARA, AJANTA CAVE http://www.saigan.com/heritage/painting/ ajanta/rockca6.html http://www.saigan.com/heritage/painting/ajanta/rockca6.html C.L.AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA 3, 1ST Term 2017-18  5 C. STUPA (TOPE) Beginnings were traced back to the funerary customs of the Vedic age Dome-shaped mound that mimics the funerary mounds used to mark the graves of great kings known as tumuli or barrows. Contain holy relics to indicate the sacred character of the place or commemorate an important event associated with Buddha Spatial characteristics: o Stupa plans develops symmetrically about a central point - centrality o Stupa volume develops symmetrically about an axis that rises vertically from the central point – axially, o Stupa mass is oriented in accordance with the directions of cosmic space. Axis Mundi, Umbilicus Mundi, Sun N W E S GREAT STUPA, SANCHI Madhya Pradesh www.studyblue.com PARTS OF A STUPA: 1. ANDA  Hemispheric cupola/ mound or solid dome, known also as egg, womb or the fertile earth.  Symbolized the infinite space of the sky.  Contains the seed or the relic.  Free standing earth mound with dry masonry composed of bricks or hammer dressed stones laid in even courses. Sometimes plastered. 2. HARMIKA  Square pedestal on top of the hemisphere said to be the “dwelling place of the Gods”  Crowned by an apex (yatsi)  Adorned with a (3 tiered) chattras (umbrella, sign of royalty) made of wood or stone. 3. MEDHI (uuper passageway)  Terrace type of 4.87 m. high from ground with 1.80 m. for the Pradakshina patha (passage). C.L.AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA 3, 1ST Term 2017-18  6  With double staircase (SOPANA) on the south. Pradakshina-patha (circumambulation) - the faithful as a form of meditation would circle (clockwise, since this kept one's right side -considered better view toward the relics) the stupa to pay homage to the Buddha. 3. VEDIKA- railing around the Harmika and Medhi, composed of a stone framework, with vertical posts and cross bar. 4. SOPANA – staircase going to the terrace. 5. TORANA (Gateway)  Circular stone gateways at each cardinal direction around perimeter wall the structure.  3.0 m wide and 10.36 m. in height with two square upright pillars/columns with a lion or elephant as the capital. Columns are supported by 3 horizontal panels (architraves). Stone carved and constructed in the manner of wood and the gateways are covered with narrative sculptures which illustrate events from the Buddha's life and past lives. Buddhist Ornaments Restrained both in character and extent. Frescoes (painted wall decoration) and relief sculptures were widely used Examples: 1. Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh- best specimen of stupa art. 2. Amaravathi, Andhra Pradesh – finest Buddhist stupa in South India 3. Stupas in Nagarjunakonda, Jaggayapetta and Ghantasala in South India. HINDUISM  GUPTA DYNASTY (320 - 550 c A.D.)  Largest political and military empire. Ruled most of northern India and eastern Pakistan, parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan  Period of HINDU renaissance  GOLDEN AGE of India: o Education – inventions and discoveries o Culture - art, architecture, music and literature HINDU ART AND ARCHITECTURE  Early HINDU building art and architecture was the representation of the existing religious perception of the people in a tangible form.  Foreign invaders including Greeks, Bactrians, Parthians, Kushans and Sakas have influenced Indian architecture. 1. MANDIR, DEVALAYA, PRASADA (Palace) – HINDU Temples  Residence for the god and not a hall for congregational worship.  Follow set of principles of design and construction for art and architecture based on their scriptures C.L.AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA 3, 1ST Term 2017-18  7 Mathematical and diagrammatic basis for generating design. Metaphysical plan of a building that incorporates the course of the heavenly bodies and supernatural forces. Symbol of the purusha or primordial man. Mandala - generic name for any plan or chart which symbolically represents the cosmos (magic diagram of the cosmos). An expression of sacred geometry. Vastu Purusha Mandala Constitutes the mathematical and diagrammatic basis for generating design. Metaphysical plan of a building that incorporates the course of the heavenly bodies and supernatural forces. Purusha refers to energy, power, soul or cosmic man. Associated with the Earth and its movable and immovable basic elements of nature, such as the earth, water, fire, air and space; just as a human being does. Visualized in the basic plan of a Hindu temple, house and even in the city planning. Accurate laying out of the temple ground plan in relation to the cardinal directions and the heavens. Meeting ground of heaven and earth. MANDALA VASTU PURUSHA MANDALA http://www.answers.com/topic/mandala yoga-et-vedas.com  The temple itself should always face east, considered as the most auspicious direction-the place of origin of the sun, considered also as destroyer of darkness.  Materials used for temple building varies from timber to mud, plaster, brick and stone during all periods and throughout India. o Oldest temples built of brick and wood no longer exist. o Stone later became the preferred material - made of hard crystalline rock with carvings on it or soft stone covered with countless figures preferably granite and sandstone. o Played an important role in the overall appearance, construction techniques and monumental character of these temples.  Temples are found in different locations. Built at picturesque and harmonious places near natural source of water, forests, gardens, inside caves, on top of hills abundant with plants and animals. If there is no source of natural water: o Pond may be built preferably in front or to the left of the temple with gardens. o Water should be symbolically present at the consecration of temple or the deity. TEMPLE COMPLEX 1. MAIN SHRINE - nucleus 2. School 3. Hospital 4. Courts for the community 5. Spacious halls of the temple - place for the recitation and listening of folktales, Vedas, Ramayana, Mahabharata and debates. C.L.AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA 3, 1ST Term 2017-18  8 6. Gopurams 7. Reservoir - Water is used for rituals and also to keep the temple floor clean or even for a ritual bath before entering the holy area. 8. Walkways ELEMENTS OF A HINDU TEMPLE (MAIN SHRINE): VIMANA – sanctuary as a whole and consists of the following parts: 1. GARBHAGRIHA (Inner chamber or womb-chamber) where the image or idol of the deity ‘murti’ is placed. o Small unlit shrine for the cult image or symbol crowned with spire-shaped sikhara roof. o Mostly square in plan with thick walls and heavy ceiling to protect the deity. o Only the temple priests are allowed inside for daily rituals and is entered by a doorway on its eastern side 2. SIKHARA or SHIKHARA (Dome and Steeple) o Tower, spire or steeple. o Pyramidal or tapering portion of the temple which represents Meru. o Over inner chamber and the most prominent and visible part o Shape varies from region to region and the steeple is often in the form of the trident of Shiva. www.clearias.com C.L.AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA 3, 1ST Term 2017-18  9 DRAVIDIAN STYLE TEMPLES NAGARA STYLE TEMPLES Southern India Northern India Temples are often like miniature Use of a square, star or cruciform towns A broad open courtyard plan but the walls are sometimes (prakaram) surrounds the temple so broken up that the tower often and mandapa (porch) on all sides. gives the impression of being Vimana roof contains a vaulted circular. octagonal or domical structure. Prasada or vimana rises Sikhara rises like a stepped vertically from its base in a pyramid, tier upon tier. curvilinear form – beehive shape Gopuram (sculptured gateways) are the significant feature. CENTRAL STYLE TEMPLES Central India In its later evolution, adopted the square for the sanctum, circular or stellar plan was retained for the vimana. Mixture of Nagara and Dravidian styles  Other parts of a sikhara: o Amalaka (Cupola) Flattened fluted melon shaped massive stone member crowning the top of sikhara Distinctive circular piece of stone which is shaped like a clogged wheel, with bead-like mouldings along the periphery. o Kalasha – top decorative element of Amalaka 3. PRADAKSHINA PATHA o Ambulatory passageway for circumambulation. o Consists of enclosed corridor around the outside of garbhagriha. o Devotees walk around the deity in clockwise direction as a worship ritual and symbol of respect to the temple god or goddess. 4. MANDAPA (Temple Hall) o Pillared hall in front of the garbhagriha, for the assembly of the devotees. o Used by the devotees to sit, pray, chant, dance, meditate and watch the priests performing the rituals. Other element found in the Hindu Temple: 5. NAT MANDIR 6. PITHA - the plinth or the platform of the temple. PARASURAMESVARA TEMPLE, 7. ANTARALA - vestibule or the Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/wheeler intermediate chamber. It unites the main sanctuary and the pillared hall of the temple. 8. ARDHAMANDAPA - front porch or the main entrance of the temple leading to the mandapa. 9. RESERVOIR - water is used for rituals and also to keep the temple clean or even for a ritual bath before entering the holy area. C.L.AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA 3, 1ST Term 2017-18  10 10. GOPURAMS (Watch tower gateways, Gate pyramids) o Principal features in the quadrangular enclosures that surround the more notable temples. o Monumental and ornate tower at the entrance of the temple complex, specially found in south India/Dravidian Style Temples. o Ornately and richly decorated with sculpture and carvings, painted with themes derived from the Hindu mythology associated with the presiding deity. o Became a dominant feature of a temple, eventually overshadowing the inner sanctuary which became obscured from view by the gopuram's colossal size. East Gopuram, Meenakshi Amman Temple http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/04/22/stories/2007042200140400.htm Vertically represents the god’s body with the sikhara as the head and the garbhagriha as the neck, mandapa as the body and gopuram as the feet. http://templetn.blogspot.com/2013/01/structure-of-hindu-temple.html C.L.AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA 3, 1ST Term 2017-18  11 DRAVIDIAN – SOUTH STYLE TEMPLE EXAMPLES: Seven kingdoms and empires stamped their influence on architecture during different times: 1. PALLAVA Ruled from 600-900 AD Greatest works are the single rock temples in Mahabalipuram and their capital Kanchipuram located in Tamilnadu. Pioneers of south Indian architecture.. 2. CHOLA Ruled from 900 -1150 AD Reached apex of South Indian Architecture Temples: o Brihadeshvara temple o Siva temple of Thaniavur – largest and tallest o Gangaikondacholapuram – one of the two great temples Remarkable for its sculptures and bronzes. 3. BADAMI CHALUKYAS Ruled from 543-753 A.D. Rock-cut temples of Pattadakal a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Badami and Aihole- most celebrated monuments. Two of the famous paintings at Ajanta cave no. 1, "The Temptation of the Buddha" and "The Persian Embassy" are attributed to them - beginning of Chalukya style of architecture and a consolidation of South Indian style. 4. RASHTRAKUTA Ruled the Deccan in the period 753-973 AD. Rock-cut shrines at Ellora and Elephanta, situated in present day Maharashtra o 34 rock-cut shrines, but most extensive is the Kailasanatha temple at Ellora. 5. WESTERN CHALUKYA Ruled from 973-1180 AD. Art of Western Chalukyas is called the “GADAG style" after the number of ornate temples. Well known for ornate stepped wells (Pushkarni) - served as ritual bathing places, found in Lakkundi. Their stepped well designs were later incorporated by the Hoysalas and the Vijayanagara empire. Over 50 temples exists o Kasi Vishveshvara, Lakkundi, Mallikarjuna, Kuruvatii, Kalleshwara temple, Bagali and Mahadeva, Itagi - finest examples 6. HOYSALA The finest examples of their architecture are the o Chennakesava temple, Belur, o Hoysaleswara temple, o Halebidu and Kesava temple, Somanathapura. The Hoysala architecture style is described as Karnata Dravida as distinguished from the traditional Dravida and considered an independent architectural tradition with many unique features. 7. VIJAYANAGAR Ruled from 1343- 1565 AD Combination of the styles developed in South India in the previous centuries. Yali columns (pillar with charging horse), balustrades (parapets) and ornate pillared mandapa are their unique contribution. Ornate pillared Kalyanamantapa (marriage hall), Vasanthamantapa (open pillared halls) and the Rayagopura (tower). Used of hard granite - durable since the kingdom was under constant threat of invasion. C.L.AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA 3, 1ST Term 2017-18  12 Vijayanagara open air theatre of monuments – UNESCO World Heritage Site. NAGARA STYLE TEMPLE Examples: 1. Temples at Khajuraho 2. Surya temple at Modhera - exquisitely carved 3. Orissa - most outstanding examples of nagara architecture Region of Orissa is an important landmark in the temple building activity in India. Parasuramesvara temple at Bhubaneswar in Orissa - consisting only of a shrine and a hall Orissan builders tried to symbolize the human body in the composition of the vertical sections of the body. Parts of an Orissan Temple (after the Lingaraja Temple at Bhuvaneswar)  The temple is made to look like a tabernacle of the Godhead. 1. Bada – foot, the lower portion of the human body. It is composed of horizontal mouldings ensuring stability of the structure. 2. Gandi – trunk, main body of the human being. The trunk is decorated with the motifs of miniature 3. Mastaka – apex which corresponds to the head portion of the human body. The crown is decorated by an amalaka. JAINISM JAIN ART AND ARCHITECTURE  Offshoot of Hinduism and Buddhism  Early main monuments are rock-cut architecture. Followed the Buddhist rock-cut style o Reflective of their principles of austerity. o Monoliths o Tirtha - Pilgrimage sites for Jains and Hindus. DERASAR, BASADI, MANDIR – Other names for Jain Temples  Concept of `mountains of immortality’ – building of temple-cities on hills.  Militant aura around them, surrounded by embattled walls  Divided into wards similar to fortified cities with parapets and niches to repel armed aggression.  Considered richest temples in the world, surpassing even Mughal buildings in grandeur and material wealth. C.L.AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA 3, 1ST Term 2017-18  13  Two types of temples: 1. SHIKAR-BANDHI – Main temple with the dome. Marble pillars which are carved beautifully with Demi god posture. Gambhara (Garbha Graha) – main part of the temple with a stone carved God idol 2. GHAR JAIN temple - home temple without dome  Temples - Jina idols along with demigods and goddesses are kept on stone or marble made altar under aesthetic beauty.  Richness of sculptural detail and material, especially Solanki temple style of Gujarat in Dilwara Temples, Mt. Abu Ananthanatha Swami Temple, Puliyarmala, outside Kalpetta  Temples sometimes have a stupa (tope) Hastinapur, Mathura etc.  Free standing pillars called vanity-subduing pillars Examples: 1. Jain Temple in Ranakpur, Rajsthan (late 14th and mid-15th c.) o Marble temple built on a hill. o Supported by over 1444 marble pillars, carved and no two pillars are the same. o Symbolize the Tirthankara’s conquest of the four cardinal directions. 2. Dilwara Temples, Rajasthan (11th - 13th c. AD) o Located about 2½ kilometers from Mount Abu, Rajasthan's only hill station. o 5 marble temples of Dilwara are the sacred pilgrimage of the Jains - World famous for their use of marble 3. Kharatara Vsahi ( Parshvanatha Temple) of different style Plan and Elevation ADINATHA TEMPLE, Ranakpur http://www.kamit.jp C.L. AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA3, 1ST Term 2017-168  14 ISLAMIC  MUGHAL EMPIRE  Prolonged period of internal strife drew to a close as a new power, solidly united under Islam, arose in western Asia. A number of Muslim and Mongol leaders have conquered India.  In 1398, Mongol conqueror Tamerlane led his armies into India.  BABUR, a descendant of Tamerlane was emperor of the Muslim dominions for 4 years. He was also the founder of the great Mughal dynasty (16th – 17th c.)  AKBAR, Babur’s grandson, was the greatest Mughal sovereign (1556-1605).  Reached its cultural peak under SHAH JAHAN, Akbar’s grandson (1628-1658), It coincided with the golden age of Indian Saracenic architecture, best exemplified by the Taj Mahal.  Mughal regime suffered in 1739 when the Persian king Nadir Shah led an army into India and plundered Delhi. The Empire regained its throne but was later defeated.  India fell under the British domination in ISLAMIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE (To be discussed in detail in the latter part)  Impact of Islam in the 8th c. o Arabs, Turks, Afghans, and Mughals  Architectural styles, including the Persian and Byzantine style, Ottoman style, etc.  Great builders  Excellence in paintings, miniatures, music, dance, poetry  Art took place during the reign of Shah Jehan between 1628-1659  Capitals of Agra, Delhi and Lahore - display great buildings and structures.  Use of white marble and the red sandstone.  Great Islamic gardens – Shalimar Garden in Lahore, one of the finest surviving ensembles  Examples: 1. Humayun’s Tomb, built in 1565-1572 (refer to UNESCO World Heritage Site description) o Built by the widow Hamida Banu Begum, for her deceased husband, nine years after his death. o 1st example of Mughal architecture in India and 1st garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent. o Use of red sandstone, Persian architecture which is inspired by several major architectural innovations, culminating in the construction of the Taj Mahal. 2. The Lahore Fort (Shahi Qila) complex, Pakistan, circa 1580 o Complex of fortifications, marble mosques and palaces built by Mughal Emperor Akbar. 3. Old Delhi Red Fort o Seat of the Mughal Empire. o Huge, red sandstone walls, which stand 33 m. high in some parts. o Walls were built to keep out invaders during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th c. o Consists of buildings with floral decorations, double domes, intricate carvings and art forms that showcase the peak of Mughal architecture. 4. Agra Fort o Foundation was laid by emperor Akbar in 1565 AD o Made of red-sandstone. o Houses the Pearl mosque and Jahangir Palace or the Khas Mahal, built by Shah Jaha 4. Taj Mahal (Palace of the Crown) of Agra also known as the pearl of India o Erected by Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved queen, Arjumand Banu Begum, called Mumtaz Mahal (Mausoleum) o Construction started a year after her death in 1631 and was complete in 22 years. o 20,000 workers, costing 32 million rupees C.L. AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA3, 1ST Term 2017-168  15 o Combines elements of Persian, Central Asian, and Islamic architecture Read other sources for complete information about the TAJ Mahal The Complex has five main elements: 1. Darwaza (main gateway) 2. Bageecha (garden) - with its water channels, lotus pools and flowerbeds and trees 3. Masjid – 2 (mosques) 4. Naqqar Khana (rest house) 5. Rauza (Taj Mahal mausoleum) at the center www.picstopin.com Plan of the MAUSOLEUM at platform level: 7 Octagonal room containing the cenotaph 8 Secondary rooms on the diagonals C.L. AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA3, 1ST Term 2017-168  16 Onion shape/bulbous dome on drum 4/10/india-buying-trip-september-2014-taj.html Mausoleum 40 m. Minarets Iwan Minarets Platform Chatris (smaller domed pavilions) Dome (Persian) Chatris (Indian) framing the dome Void between Minarets the shell Crypt Plan, Elevation and Section of the Taj Mahal Gardner’s Art through the Ages. Ancient, Medieval and Non-European Art C.L. AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA3, 1ST Term 2017-168  17 Indian style Hindu and Buddhist temples were constructed abroad in ancient times: o Cambodia's Angkor Wat o Java's Prambanan. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: Auboyer, Jeannie. Landmarks of the World Art: The Oriental World. India and South-East Asia. Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company, New York, Toronto. 1967. De la Croix, Horst and Richard Tansey. Gardner;s Art Through the Ages. Ancient, Medieval and Non-European Art. 7th ed. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. USA. 1976. Harris, Cyrill M. Historic Architecture Sourcebook. Von Hoffman Press, Inc. 1977 Palmes, J.C. Sir Banister Fletcher’s A History of Architecture. 18th ed.The Athlone Press, University of London. London Snodgrass, Adrian. The Symbolism of the Stupa. Studies on Southeast Asia. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 1985 Tadgell, Christopher… History of Architecture - India and Southeast Asia, The Buddhist and Hindu Tradition. Ellipsis, London. 1988 Westwell, Ian. Timeless India. Chartwell Books, Inc., New Jersey, USA. 2007 DVD Sources courtesy of Ar. Nick Ramos: What the Ancient Did for Us: The Indians BBC, UK. Mysteries of Asia: Lost Temples of India, Discovery Channel Temple of Kama Sutra, Discovery Channel Other Sources: Other Internet sources All Lecture Notes was prepared and is the property of: Archt. Clarissa L. Avendaño Associate Professor Rev. August 2017 C.L. AVENDAÑO, UST-HOA3, 1ST Term 2017-168