Microbiology 1 - Past Lecture Notes PDF

‫كلية الصيدلة‬ Pharmacy Microbiology 1 ‫علم األحياء الدقيقة‬1 907212...

‫كلية الصيدلة‬ Pharmacy Microbiology 1 ‫علم األحياء الدقيقة‬1 907212 Chapter 1 Sheet # 1 MSc. Manal Ayyash & Dr. Fayzah Qwadry Microbiology 1 Dr. Manal Ayyash & Dr. Fayzah Qwadery : ‫اسم المادة‬ : ‫مدرس المادة‬  Pharmacy Microbes in Our Lives Naming and Classifying Microorganisms A Brief History of Microbiology Microbes and Human Welfare Microbes and Human Disease 2  Microbes in Our Lives What is Microbiology? Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye (cannot seen by naked eye). Bio - life ology - study of Microbiology is the study of very small living organisms (microorganisms) that cannot seen by naked eye. 3  Microbes in Our Lives Organisms included in the study of Microbiology Microorganisms = Microbes = Germs Microorganisms Science 1. Bacteria Bacteriology 2. Protozoans Protozoology 3. Algae Phycology 4. Parasites Parasitology 5. Fungi (Yeasts and Molds) Mycology 6. Viruses Virology 7. Prions (as virus) 4  Bacterial Morphology Most bacteria are monomorphic and few are pleomorphic Bacilli (Bacter ): Rod-shaped Cocci: Spherical-shaped cells Spiral: have one or more twists but never straight; Vibrio: curved rods Spirillum: helical rigid shape Spirocheate: helical flexible 5 Bacilli  Spiral Vibrio Cholerae causing cholera Spirillum: longer, rigid, corkscrew spiral-shaped bacteria Helicobacter pylori causing stomach ulcers Campylobacter jejuni causing diarrhea Spirochetes: long, thin and more flexible corkscrew- shaped bacteria like: Treponema pallidum that cause syphilis Borrelia burgdorferi causing Lyme disease 6  Bacteria morphology and Arrangement Staphylo: Bunches or clusters or Grape-like group of cells Strepto: Chains of cells Diplo: di - or two of cells Tetrad: group of 4 cells Sarcinae: group of Eight cells Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus Pyogenes Sarcina maxima Cocci 7 7  Naming and Classifying Microorganisms Carolus Linnaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1739. Each organism has two names → Binomial nomenclature: Genus + specific epithet (species) Italicized (or underlined), genus capitalized, “latinized”, used worldwide. May be descriptive or honor a scientist. Examples Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli (E. coli) Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) 8  Three Domain Classification Bacteria Prokaryote Archaea Eukarya – Protista – Fungi Eukaryote – Plants – Animals The discovery of three cell types was based on: 1. Differences in ribosomal RNA. 2. Differences in membrane lipid structure (sterols only in Eukarya) 3.9 transfer RNA molecules (only present in Eukarya and Bacteria). 4. sensitivity to antibiotics (only bacteria).  Methanogen Produce methane Three Domains 6 Kingdoms Dr. Amin Omar Archaea Extreme Halophiles Require high salt concentration Extreme Bacteria Thermophiles Requires high Archaea are not temperatures pathogenic to Prokaryotes include Bacteria humans, if they Unicellular Yeast and Archaea as they both lack have cell walls, the nuclear membrane, both Molds form visible masses called the walls lack mycelia, (long filaments (hyphae)). The peptidoglycan are unicellular microorganisms, Fungi Multicellular molds cottony growths sometimes found on comes in different shapes. bread and fruit are mold mycelia Mushrooms Sporozoa (spore True fungi have cell walls forming) composed primarily of a substance called chitin Amoeba (phagocytic) Protozoa Kingdoms Ciliophora (ciliated) Bacterial cell walls contain a Algae protein–carbohydrate complex Flagellata (flagellated) called peptidoglycan) Protista (unicellular eukaryotes that are Diatoms not plant, animal or fungus) "plant-like" Protophyta (autotrophic) (photosynthetic) organisms are dinoflagellates composed mostly of Slime molds unicellular algae Euglena-like flagellates Slime molds "fungus-like" (saprophytic) protists sponges, worms, Animals insects, and vertebrates The cell walls of many algae are mosses, ferns, 10 Plants conifers, and composed of a carbohydrate called flowering plants cellulose  Slim-mold growth over decaying organic matter 11  Naming and Classifying Microorganisms Taxonomic Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus 12 species  A Brief History of Microbiology 1. Early observers of microorganisms Antony Loeuwenhoek (1674) → the first observers of microorganisms in rain, sea, and pond water Agostino Bassi (1835) → fungus (Botrytis bassians) → muscardine a disease of silkworms, transmitted by contact with contaminated food Ehrenberg (1838) → bacteria, vibrio, spirillium Rayer & Davaine (1850) → rod-shaped organisms Henle (1840) → M.O causing a disease in man produce a similar in animals (developed the concepts of contagium vivum and contagium animatum) 13  2. First Golden Age of Microbiology Pasteur : Fermentation, Disproved spontaneous generation, Pasteurization Lister : Aseptic surgery (using phenol as disinfectant) Koch*: Germ theory of disease Gram: Gram-staining procedure Escherich: Escherichia coli Petri: Petri dish Ehrlich*: Theory of immunity. Arsenic derivative to treat Syphilis treatment (concept of “magic bullet” 1910).. The only known chemical in Europe’s medical arsenal was an extract from the bark of a South American tree, quinine, which had been used to treat malaria. 14 A Brief History of Microbiology 15  A Brief History of Microbiology 1. Robert Hooke (1665) 1. R. Hooke is the first scientist was used the word "Cell" which means “little boxes”. 2. Cell Theory: "The living things are made up of cells“ 2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674 - 1st person to actually see living microorganisms 3.Rudolph Virchow 1858 > Theory of Biogenesis: “Cells can only arise from preexisting cells”. 4. Louis Pasteur (1861) : > Fermentation, Disproved spontaneous generation, Pasteurization, vaccination (rabies in human and animals). 16  A Brief History of Microbiology Hyderabad: It was the Persian scholar of medicine, Ibn Sina (980-1037).. The first to come up with the idea of quarantine to prevent spread of diseases. He suspected that some diseases were spread by microorganisms (tuberculosis).. To prevent human-to-human contamination, he came up with the method of isolating people for 40 days. He called this method al-Arba’iniya (“the forty”). 17  A Brief History of Microbiology Louis Pasteur Terminating the concept of spontaneous generation (hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter). The role of M.Os in transmissible diseases Lactic & butyric acid fermentations → bacteria (beer & wines → yeasts (respiration without air)) Living organisms → from similar living organisms Foundations of modern microbiology Immunizations of animals → anthrax, chicken cholera, rabies 18 19  A Brief History of Microbiology Spontaneous generation vs Germ theory , ❑ Spontaneous Generations: assumes that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter ❑ Biogenesis that living cells can arise only from preexisting cells (Virchow) ❑ Germ Theory of disease (Germ Theory postulates): believes that diseases were caused by tiny invisible organisms called “Germs” (Koch) 20  A Brief History of Microbiology 5. Joseph Lister (1867) -Antiseptic surgery (phenol) -Applies Germ theory to medical procedures -Reduce wound infection incidents after surgeries. 6. Robert Koch (1876) Artificial culture → rod-shaped M.Os of anthrax Produce the disease in animals Rods could turn → resistant spore forms 1st to prove that bacteria actually caused diseases 7. Jenner 1796 (first to develop vaccination, smallpox and cowpox) 8. Roux & Yersin 1890 symptoms of diphtheria (first to isolate the diphtheria toxins) 21 21 22  A Brief History of Microbiology The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy Antimicrobial drugs 1619: Quinine → malaria 1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis. 1928 Penicillin → Alexander Fleming (The mold became known as Penicillium notatum or chrysogenum) 1935 sulphanamides→ Gerhard These drugs called the magic bullet that kills the parasite but not the host. 23 23  Microbes and Human Welfare 1. Recycling Vital Elements: bacteria help recycle vital elements between the soil and the atmosphere (Microbial ecology) 2. Sewage Treatment: Using Microbes to Recycle Water (bacteria convert organic matters into such by-products as carbon dioxide, nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and methane) 3. Bioremediation: Using Microbes to Clean Up Pollutants (removing chemical spills, toxic waste sites, and oil spills) 4. Biological control: Insect Pest Control by Microorganisms (Bacillus thuringiensis produce protein crystals that are toxic to the digestive systems of alfalfa caterpillars, cabbageworms) 24  Microbes and Human Welfare.5. Microbes produce various food products – cheese, pickles, yogurt,, bread, Beer, Alcohol 6. Microbes are used to produce and synthesize – Antibiotics – chemicals that our body needs, but cannot synthesize Such as vitamins B, K 7. Inhibitory activity of pathogenic flora (antagonism) 8. Modern Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA Technology: > Pharmaceutical bioproducts (insulin) and gene therapy 25  Microbes and Human Disease Role of Normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens. Normal microbiota produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin B and K. Several types of bacteria found as part of the normal microbiota on the surface of the human tongue Pathogens overcome the host’s resistance → infectious disease : pathogens invade a susceptible host. Development of Antimicrobial resistance Biofilms: Bacterial communities that form slimy layers on surfaces An emerging infectious disease (EID) is a new or changing disease showing an increase in incidence in the recent past or a potential to increase in the near future 26 ❑ Emerging infectious diseases (EID): Avian influenza, SARS,, HIV/AIDS...