British Civilization: Norman Conquest to Wars of the Roses (1066-1453) PDF

PT 1: ENGLAND FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST TO THE WAR OF THE ROSES (1066-1453) From the Norman Conquest to the hundred years war Important characters: Harold-Edouard-Guillaume ( rappel histoire médiévale) 100y war: betwee...

PT 1: ENGLAND FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST TO THE WAR OF THE ROSES (1066-1453) From the Norman Conquest to the hundred years war Important characters: Harold-Edouard-Guillaume ( rappel histoire médiévale) 100y war: between England and France ( à noter Jane of Arc, war hero,helped the restoration of the Dauphin who was reclaiming the throne-> she led the army to victory) , 1-The Norman Conquest Began in 1066 in Normandie ( North of France) A.The conquest 1.Before 1066, England was constantly attacked by Scandinavian warriors, during the 11th century it was mostly controlled by the Vikings. England was very attractive due to it being rich, well taxed and centralized.England eventually came under Saxon rules in 1042 and Edward was chosen ( elected) as king, even though we don't know much about him, we at least are sure that he was a very religious man who spent a lot of time in Normandie ( exile). All we know about him was only written decades later..Edward was the one who launched the construction of Westminster Abbey..Edward was known as the Confessor. He died in January 1066 with no heir due to him having no children, there was a big hesitation on who would be his successor, there was a lot of scheming and people choosing sides. There were two main eventual heirs: -Harold Godwinson , the Earl of Essex but also Edward's brother in law. He was popular, wealthy and very powerful,ergo supported by the majority of the nobles and the Saxons. -William of Normandy, the duke of Normandie, he was a bastard and Edward's cousin ( he claimed that Edward had promised him the crown 2 during one of his trips to Normandy after a war), he got the Pope's and the Normans' support. => Harold was elected during the Witor, a council that elects the King, he was crowned the day after Edward's death. He right away prepared for war in Normandy and the North of England He went to Yorkshire to fight against Vikings who came from Norway, the 28th September 1066. He won and it was called the Battle of Stamford Bridge. At the same time, Normans attacked the South of England, they were feared due to their relying on cavalry. During that, they took the place by building castles known as Motte and Bailey castles. 3 The 14th october 1066, Harold arrives in the South and gets defeated by the Normans, it's known as the Battle of Hastings. After that, William traveled to London, the capital, who opened its gates and accepted him as the King. He was crowned on the 25th december 1066 at Westminster Abbey. *People involved in the ceremony were figures of authorities in religion like bishops, etc…. *Medieval kings used to swear an oath to be fair and respectful There was a bloodbath on that day due to a Saxon tradition of shouting at coronations because Norman took it as a rebellion. -1069-1070: William headed North to expand his territory and destroy any resistance, that event is called the “Harrying of the North”, very violent, it almost entirely destroyed the North, there were about 100,000 victims. 4 -William's reign made an entire change in the English aristocracy, England became more centralized, lands were distributed to hundreds of lords : ~4,000 saxon lords -> 200 french lords. => 1066 was considered the Start of the Monarchy, a centralized and well established Hierarchy where there weren't a lot of Lords. B.Feudal England.Feudalism: pyramidal social structure where every man has a lord and every lord has a land King-Lord-Knight-Peasants ( almost belongs entirely to their lord). -> God is the King's Lord ( public oath of loyalty) 5 2-The rise and fall of a continental empire A. Henry II's Empire The English possession started to grow when William became king, but there was another succession issue (Stephen vs Matilda) in the 12th century that led to a civil war 1135 to 1153 called The Anarchy. It came to an end with a deal in which Stephen had to recognise Henri as the successor; he became king in 1154. He married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, the only heiress of Aquitaine and thanks to that the English Empire expanded more ( +Aquitaine, Anjou) 6 In 1166, there was a negotiation for his son Geoffrey to marry a princess from Brittany, the same year he became duke of Normandy. At that time the King of England was more powerful than the king of France. 7  B. John Lackland (1199-1216) and Magna Carta (1215) 1199: Richard I dies so John, Henri's son, his nephew succeeds him. John was a terrible king; he had to face a rebellion in 1215, the Barons' march on London, because he lost most of the possessions. In June 1215, he was forced to accept the Magna Carta ( great charter): the founding document of the british country, almost constitutional , ex: clause 39, that showed the desire to make sure the King was not the only person to decide, that assured personal rights, a respect of the world of the Lords and a fair trial 8 3- The black death and the hundred years war A. The black death and its consequences The black death was a plague which started in Western China and spread in Asia before arriving in Europe, it was spread by rats invading ships but also fleas’ Outbreaks: 1348, 1360,1369 and 1375. It became massive because of the hygiene standards that were already dreadful. It killed close to half of England's population. -After that, people started to eat better, standards of living started to grow later in the 14th century, land was redistributed due to the deaths, there was an upward mobility concerning status ( improvement), vanishment of serfdom and appearance of Yeomen -We could also see some influence in the arts with the arrival of gothic aesthetics and imagery, often use of skeletons to represent death and how everyone is equal when it comes to death. => A danse macabre, miniature from a book published in Paris in 1486. In the 19th century Châtelet became a market but before that, in medieval times, there was a cemetery that was relocated after and a monastery in which there was a fresco of a danse macabre which was unfortunately destroyed. 9  B. The Hundred Years war ( 1337-1453) It's good to know that the French and English dynasties are close due to family connections. -there was a rule established in 1316 that prohibited Women to inherit the throne nor transmit the right to do so, it was dated back to Charles the great or even to the 5th century. It's the Salic law. -In 1337, there is no male heir to the throne, King Philip's sons Louis, Philip and Charles have had no male children and they all died young ( the Curse of Capet family) so Edward III, the grandson of The King Philip the Fair of France declares war against France and proclaims himself the King of France. On the other side Philip VI, cousin of Philip the Fair is also one of the possible successors but he is questioned by Edward. 10 It's the Start of the Hundred Years war - 1337-1360: the first phase which ended with the treaty of Bretigny, England controlled ⅓ of France. - 1360-1415: the second phase which ended with the English victory at the battle of Agincourt. France was close to becoming entirely English. - 1420: Henry V was recognised as the rightful heir to the crown of France by Charles VI and then married Catherine of Valois. ( The English king lived at that time in Paris, Louvre) (Charles VI was known as the Mad King) - 1422: Henry V unexpectedly dies before Charles VI (he dies on the 31st august and Charles VI died on the 22nd october). Henri V died with no successor as his son was only 1y old when he died so the Dauphin, Charles VI's son decided to progressively reconquer France ( ep Joan of Arc) - 1453: Charles VII ( the Dauphin) defeats the English and becomes King, Calais is England's only possession in continental Europe. 11.Edward's coat of arms’ symbol: the lion for the Royalty, England's symbol and the Fleur de Lys for France => symbol of him being both England and France's king 12  C. The Cultural Significance of the Hundred Years’ War There is a celebration of a distinctly English identity: - With Edward III and his son Edward the Black Prince, their bravery and chivalric qualities during the war, there is a popularization of Arthurian legends mostly with the creation of the Order of the Garter (1348), which consisted of the best knights and chivalries principles : “ Bravery, Loyalty, Dignity” - 1362: with the Statute of pleading, English became the official language of law courts and used by locals - 1380s: emergence of pieces of literature like “ the Canterbury tales" by Geoffrey Chauser but also the translation of the Bible by Wycliffe, a translation that wasn't accepted by the church. - We could also see an emergence of English nationalism, a common identity ( also happened in France) with the evolution of Gothic Architecture = perpendicular gothic. 13 PT 2: England from the Wars of the Roses to James I (1455-1603) THE WARS OF ROSES AND HENRY VII (1455-1509) I-The wars of the roses (1455-1485).Involved two families: York (Yorkist) vs Lancaster (Lankastrians), a conflict of a small scale in England, in the early 15th to middle 16th century, mostly 1455 to 1485. The name is a modern invention due to the family's symbol, a white rose for York and a red rose for Lancaster. 14 It led to a partial destruction of the royal English line. TB TO 1399 , when Richard II of York was killed by one of his cousins Henry of Lancaster. That led the Lancastrians to rule England for decades. Henry V died in 1422 while his son was only 1y.o and couldn't be recognized as king, so logically, there was a regency. Eventually, Henry VI became king, but as he was never educated and very religious, he was considered weak and too pacifist for a king. He was mostly blamed for the defeat in 1453 against France. He also had a mental disorder: when he heard about the defeat he collapsed and remained mute for a year. Following that, England went under a regency, there was a settlement of a Council of Regency where his cousin Richard, Duke of York was appointed as Regent. Henry VI eventually came back and there were some tensions so Rihard was asked to leave the court. 15 In 1455, Richard started a rebellion ( didn’t last) In 1460, there was another rebellion, he advanced his claim to the throne against a weakened Henry VI. - December 1460: he was killed by Henri’s men who also savagely eradicated Richard’s army. 1461: Richard’s son Edward IV, eventually reclaimed the throne and was crowned after defeating Henry’s army. Henry fled but was eventually found and got imprisoned in 1465 in London.His wife, Margaret negotiated with the Yorkists and managed to assemble an army and free him to take back the throne in 1470. But Henry was in a much worse state, in 1471, he was defeated alongside his army and his son at Tewksbury by Edward IV. It’s the end of the Lancastrian. Edward IV recognised himself as the rightful king but he died in 1483 and as his two sons were both children ( 12 and 9y.o) which led to yet another succession issue and another regency. Richard III, his brother, became regent. He was known as a villain, he had Edward's son imprisoned and they even disappeared one night and that led to Richard, the only member of the royal family left,being crowned king. His legitimacy was questioned and Henry VII ( Tudor) came as another possible heir and assembled an army. He relied on the Nobles Hatred for Richard and on the 22nd August 1485, during the battle of 16 Bosworth, he defeated Richard who had his men changing sides, and became king right on the battlefield. II-Henry VII ( 1485-1509) 17  A. Establishing the King’s legitimacy Henry VII was born to Lady Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, he was not a direct descendant. His father died before he was born, he was the son of Owen Tudor, a minor noble who married Catherine of Valois ( after 1422, death of Henri V).. His mother was also from a branch of the Lancaster family ( great granddaughter of John of Gaunt) It’s good to note that blood is extremely important. Henri VII was also exiled in France for 14y so all that made his claim fragile and he needed to behave like a rightful king. In November 1483, he summoned the Parliament to make sure they recognized him as the heir. He asked some people to manipulate the records and change the date of the battle of Bosworth from the 22nd August to the 23rd: because to be considered the rightful king he had to make sure he made Richard the one who rebelled against the crown. ( While he was the one committing a regicide) He also had the nobles by Richard’s side tracked and killed. He actually followed the rules in his own way by making them adapt to what he wanted. He also managed to negotiate a marriage with Elisabeth of York, the daughter of Edward IV, in 1486 so that he will be seen as a pacifying 18 figure; His symbol is the Tudor Rose. B. Consolidating the King’s Authority Now that he’s established as king he launched a propaganda of a country ruined by the wars of roses which was actually just a civil unrest in the 13th and 14th centuries that he’s seen as the savior. 19 But his reign made the noble aspire to have a peaceful country, most people believed in the desire of a peaceful country which recognised the King’s authority. He had a new patronage and a new reward system; he remade the English nobility and chose those who supported him and redistributed the lands once again. - he also decides to manage finances closely, he made sure that money was spent closely by creating the chamber of finances that controlled how it was spent so that they always had enough resources - the power was held by only a few people, he relied on the Privy Chamber, his best advisors like Edmund Dudley, his main minister, Reynold Bray, Richard Empson. There is a shift in the power exercise, he was actually accused of being very authoritarian around 1509 - there was also the Star chamber , the court of justice held in the Palace of Westminster, which dealt with cases involving nobles. Judicial system was decentralized at that time and the star chamber was used to centralize the legal system. The monarchy became stronger but Henry VII was actually seen as a tyrant even though he had a quite successful reign where rebellion were suppressed : - 1497: Warbeck, arrested and executed 20 In 1509 , there was the treasury with 15y revenus accumulated. Henry VII had two sons. *************************************************************** LEGITIMACY: WHAT MADE A KING LEGITIMATE IN 15TH CENTURY ENGLAND? -blood: he got some Lancastrian blood ( his mother being Gaunt’s great granddaughter) even though it was not a strong connection. Since his father died before his birth, he lacked the needed connections to nobles but despite that he was able to be accepted as king -marriage: he married Elizabeth of York to unite the two families -military victory: he defeated Richard III ( regicide) 21 -manipulation: Parliament’s support, convincing MPs to change parliamentary records ( legal ways to defeat his enemies) -Legitimacy: having people’s acknowledgement ( noble- church-......), be rightful, there is a set of rules that exists to determine who can be king, but it can evolve ( Richard III was supposed to be more legitimate than Henry VII, yet failed to secure the support of his nobles). THE KING AND THE LAW: WAS THE LAW CONSIDERED THEN AS IT IS TODAY? -The law would be modified according to the needs of nobles and the king: Henry VII having the date of the battle of Bosworth changed in parliamentary records. -The law is an instrument of the king’s authority ( Star chamber). HENRY VII’S REPUTATION AS A SINISTER KING -Huge control over the nobles, there was severe repression when they did not comply with his will;. -He was not as generous as kings who had preceded him while the popularity of medieval kings was often measured by their generosity towards their subjects. -Close scrutiny of state’s finances. 22 Correction gp 1 Correction gp 2 *************************************************************** HENRY VIII ( 1509-1547) A.Succession He was not supposed to be king, Henry VII and Elizabeth’s second born son, born in 1491. His older brother is Arthur who died in 1502 so Henry VIII became the heir. Before Arthur died he was betrothed to Catherine of Aragon. A few years after his death, in 1509, Henry VIII acceded to the throne and 23 married Catherine, ,but it was a tough process, having to go through the Vatican). -He was tutored by a philosopher who was interested in new humanist theories called John Skelton; he also had many correspondences with other intellectuals like Thomas More and Erasmus. It was the period seen as a perfect renaissance. -Chivalric ideas: memories of Edward III, Henry VIII thought himself as his reincarnation; as a Lancastrian, he befriended the Yorkist and Philip the Fair. -He had all of his father ‘s close counselors arrested and killed to remake the council with his close ones; his dad became less and less popular so he wanted people to forget him and make a new image for himself. -By marrying Catherine of Aragon, he managed to secure an alliance with Spain ( Daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle de Castille, niece of Charles Quint) who was very powerful because of its power over the Holy Roman Empire and over America). B.The Act of Supremacy ( 1534) -A few years into his reign, he turned out to be very authoritarian, he tried to get rid of the council’s influence. He secured the support and 24 help of Thomas Wolsey, his closest friend who managed to make sure Henry no longer needed the seal for his royal orders. -SUCCESSION: he wanted a male heir as soon as possible. In 1516, he , however, had a daughter named Mary, consequently , he became less interested in Catherine due to her not able to have kids anymore ( girl’s old) 1527: THE GREAT AFFAIR BEGINS - As we said, he wanted a son but that was because he wanted a male heir, so he needed a legitimate son and in order to have that, ,he needed to have a son with someone else, so he had to marry someone else but in order to do that , he has to divorce Catherine first and that’s a hustle…. - so, what did he do? He needed to go through the Pope Clement VII ( again ). HOW? He sent Wolsey, who was also his cardinal, to negotiate with the Pope: he told the Pope Henry had the right for a divorce because he should have never even been able to marry Catherine in the first place because, that’s his dead brother’s widow and she’s not a virgin so that whole thing is unnatural. - SURPRISE PEOPLE!!!!! The Pope refused the divorce. But not only because nothing’s making sense but also because of Rome’s situation. MORE DETAILS: Rome was sacked in May 1527 by the 25  troupe of Spain’s king , Rome was also invited by Charles V the French King and he didn’t let the Pope accept the divorce. On top of that, it’s good to know that Henry already had someone in mind, his mistress, Anne Boleyn; letters to her by Henry were sent to the Pope so it was discovered that he didn’t want a divorce for religious reasons but because he actually wanted to marry Anne. - And Wolsey, what happened to him? Well, since he failed to convince the Pope, he was disgraced in 1529. - And Catherine? The poor girl was banished from the court in 1531 and sent to a fortress in the North of England. - Henry didn’t give up , no no , he wanted to make sure there was a real reason to get a divorce and have a legitimate son so he reunited bishops to find solutions. - “THE GLASS OF TRUTH” 1532, in that work , The king , via anonymous writers , said that people should have the right to deny the Church, the Pope’s jurisdiction. - He finally succeeded to marry Anne Boleyn in 1532, but it was done secretly because the divorce hadn't been pronounced yet. Thomas Cranmer, a priest of the Boleyn family, accepted to celebrate the marriage. 26  - 1533: The divorce got confirmed and Anne Boleyn was crowned queen. She was a noble woman who had received a good education, who spent her teenage years in continental Europe. She was also introduced to a new religious movement, Protestantism; a reform as a new take of religion. - Henry didn’t really care about that new form but in the end he accepted part of it and encouraged the adoption of the ACT OF SUPREMACY ( 1534) - That act supported the separation of the Church of England from the Church of Rome and the King became the head of the Church. - Henry VIII was considered by far the most powerful in history due to his royal and religious power, ABSOLUTE POWER. C.The protestant Reformation Christianism was the main subject of conflicts, there was a clear abuse of clergy and sins were flourishing in the institution, there was a lot of criticism against the Church of Rome. -A monk, Luther, became extremely popular, he published a series of Thesis explaining how he wanted the reform : simplicity, renouncement 27 of the wealth ( 1517). He received enthusiastic response especially among the lower/labor classes , which led to REBELLION. -Henry wasn’t interested in Protestantism at first , in 1521, he wrote the Defence of the Seven Sacraments and he was made Fidei Defensor by Pope Leo X. A defender of catholicism but became more and more interested in Protestantism because of Anne and Cranmer. He remained Catholic till the end but still rejected the authority of Rome. -He repressed Catholics progressively: - 1535: Thomas More, chanceler and the bishop John Fisher got executed because they refused to acknowledge Henry VIII as the head of the Church. - Henry had to rely more and more on Protestants: -1532: Thomas Cromwell became chief minister - England was very welcoming to things still as eretic, tb to Wycliffe, who also managed to start a cult LOLLARDY; some members were still there in the 16th and some things from the cult were written on Luther’s thesis like the importance of the bible’s translation. - As a way to please Anne and Cranmer and Cromwell, he made new rules , in 1539 explaining how rituals in England had to be conducted., Henry’s Six Articles, about conservative dogma ( mass, confession) , he is essentially a catholic without a Pope. 28 -A new translation was commissioned by Henry , he constantly favoured Protestants but the religious conversions only occured after and not during his reign. D.The Dissolution of Monasteries ( 1536-1540) Monasteries were seen as useless by Protestants. -Calvin believed in predestination- destiny assigned before birth -Monk’s main duty was to pray for soul’s salvation Monasteries were also very wealthy - BEFORE THE DISSOLUTION: 1535: VALOR ECCLESIASTICUS, conducted by Cromwell to know the wealth of monasteries so that Henry VIII could claim the lands for himself -Books and churches were destroyed - the crown became much much wealthier from the lands which were also redistributed to the king’s most loyal allies. 1536-37: there was a rebellion from the north , THE PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE by Robert Aske in Yorkshire that was violently suppressed by Henry. 29 -Monks had to find other places to go - Poverty and starvation states were aggravated because monasteries actually provided shelters and food to the poor. DID PEOPLE REALLY ACCEPT? Well, a lot actually remained catholics and a lot of Monks were hired to become private family priers. E.The Acts of Union with Wales (1536-1543) Wales was under England’s influence from 1301 ( conquest by Edward I) but stopped being an Independent kingdom in 1543, English laws also applied to welsh=> it was the start of the United Kingdom. 30 F. Henry VIII’s Personal Legacy In total, Henry VIII was married SIX times. He first got married in 1509 with Catherine of Aragon ( whole story in the 1st part) , they got a daughter named Mary who was later declared illegitimate. In 1532 , he married Anne Boleyn with whom he had a daughter named Elizabeth in 1533. In 1556, she got pregnant again but it was unfortunately a miscarriage; since he couldn’t have a male heir, Henry quickly lost patience and Anne fell to her disgrace and was executed. Henry considered it as a sign sent by God as Anne was actually suspicious , the miscarriage was seen as unnatural, she was then accused of adultery, witchcraft and incest and was executed in May 1536. But you now know there surely was someone else: in fact, while Anne was still there as queen , Henry had a mistress who moved in the castle, Jane Seymour. He married her in May 1536. Finally Henry’s dream came true when in 1537, Jane gave birth to a boy: Edward. But Karma’s our friend=> he took Jane away from Henry: Jane died a few days after giving birth due to an infection she got during labor. Poor Henry, it really affected him ( for once he cared xD) 31 In 1540, Cromwell advised Henry to marry Anne of Cleves, after seeing her portrait ( painting) Henry was convinced. BUT!!!!!!! Goodness she was a catfish, Henry basically said she was ugly ( ok maybe not like that but the ideas here, and he has no right , he looked and was awful) so the marriage was canceled. In July 1540: Cromwell was executed, why? Because he gave Henry poor recommandations ( NB: Never get close to Henry because he’ll just get rid of you if you do something he doesn’t like) ; the same month ( or day???) Henry married Catherine Howard ( Anne Boleyn’s cousin mdr, like wtfff). Catherine was a Roman Catholic , she was pushed by her family to restore Catholicism. In 1542, she was accused of adultery ( it was false ofc) so she was executed. Lastly, in 1543, ( dude ça en fait beaucoup là , tu t’es pas dit qu’il fallait une pause???) He married Catherine Parr, she was Protestant and well-liked by Henry. SHE OUTLIVED HIM PEOPLE!!!!!! She was the one 32 who permitted the reconciliation of Henry with Mary and Elizabeth who were later put back in the line of succession with the Third Act of Succession of 1544. 33 *************************************************************** QUESTIONS ( dans le PPT sur Henri VIII) 1- Causes and consequences of the Henrician reformation:.Causes: - Personal reasons: Henry VIII wanted a male heir ; to be able to get a divorce from Catherine - Political reasons: Becoming head of Church= stronger king; dissolution of monasteries= more land and wealth for the King - Religion: English tradition of having the Bible written in English + heresy => The Lollards, followers of Wycliffe. Consequences: - Economic: redistribution of land and wealth following the dissolution of monasteries; homelessness and poverty increased - Rebellions: “ Pilgrimage of Grace” - Political consequences: Protestants rose to prominence at court; Henry’s allies who remained catholic were executed ( More , Fisher) 34  - Diplomacy: No longer aligned with Pope=> rise of a Protestant force in Europe 2- Strength of the monarchy under Henry VIII: - Henry as patron of the arts ( CF. Holbein) => prestige of the king. He ruled over subject's bodies and souls as a King and Head of Church=> absolutism, centralisation ( seal no longer needed) - Yet at the end of his reign,the monarchy remained fragile: instability because of succession and rebellions following dissolution of monasteries and separation with Rome - Growing authority // weakened monarchy at the end of his reign - Wales: union => larger territory for the King 3- Succession issues: - Unresolved at the end of Henry’s reign: Edward was too young, Elizabeth and Mary were woman, their mothers had been either banished (Mary=> Catherine of Aragon) or executed ( Elizabeth=> Anne Boleyn) correction gp 1 35 correction gp 2 *************************************************************** EDWARD VI, LADY JANE GREY & MARY I ( 1547 - 1558) 36 I- Edward VI ( 1547- 1553) He was Jane Seymour ‘s son born in 1547, his birth had attracted a lot of attention as he was the only male heir. His life is very well documented because he had a diary in which he wrote everything -1544: Third Act of Succession: instaurated by Henry VIII, states the order of succession. Edward will be his successor, and if he ever died childless, Mary, his sister, would become the queen, after Mary would be Elizabeth. That Act actually caused a lot of disagreement because they were both women and on top of that, Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon was catholic. -1557: Henry VIII died while Edward was only about 9 to 10 y.o. Thus, a regency council was appointed, Edward Seymour, brother of Jane Seymour became regent, which was speculated to be manipulated => In Henry VIII’s will, it was stated that the regency council should govern 37 collectively but Edward Seymour got access ( by himself or by someone else) to the will and changed what was said; he then was given by the Privy Council the title of Lord Protector of the Realm. Edward Seymour was also Protestant so when he got the power the Protestant faction emerged triumphant. - In 1549, there were tons of risings, for example in Devon, Norfolk and Cornwall. They were very violent protests against the religious reformation, the separation from Rome but also the enclosures: At that time , there were parts of lands where peasants and their lords, like little villages and a castle. In those villages, there was a part of the land which was used for the public, a common shared land ( cultivation, farming, etc…peasants cultivated for themselves). The Lords started to question the rights of peasants to shave lands so they became privatised: Enclosures. The lands were no longer accessible to the peasants as they became land for sheep farming, grazing ( practice of animals, typically sheeps feeding on grass or other plants growing in fields or pastures- commonly the “ common lands”). In consequence, the peasants had little to nothing to eat and that led to the rebellions. 38  The protests were also due to the religious reformation: Protestants were destroying buildings, Churches that were too reminiscent of Catholicism. -1550: Edward Seymour kidnapped Edward VIII; he claimed it was in order to protect him from his enemies but it was stated in Edward’s diary that he was actually imprisoned in Windsor castle. He was eventually found and Edward Seymour was arrested and then in 1552, he was executed. ->There was then a change in the Regency Council, in 1550, following Edward’s arrest, the Privy Council ruled in King Edward’s name under the leadership of John Dudley, the Duke of Northumberland, son of Edmon Dudley,Henry VII’s counselor. He was also a Protestant. Edward VI had a very Protestant education. In 1549 and 1552: Thomas Cranmer published the Books of Common Prayer, these books established the new religious rituals: suppression of the idolatry of saints as well as the catholic sacrifice ( Eucharist, transubstantiation). It was in order to regulate the religious rituals in the Church of England. All that was led by Dudley. 39 II-Lady Jane Grey ( 10-19 July 1553) -She is often considered the forgotten queen of England ( doc: England’s Forgotten Queen: The life and death of Lady Jane Grey. 3 ep. BBC Four. 2018); she was never really recognized by the majority of the nobles. How did she become queen? -Edward died on the 6th July 1553. Before his death he had issued a “ Devise for succession” even though his father’s Act of Succession already existed. He was reluctant to let his sisters to rule because they were women and catholic ( Mary) ; and the concept of legitimacy was still too important, he considered Elizabeth as illegitimate due to her mother being accused of incest. Edward VI wanted a male heir but there was no one in sight so he searched in other branches of the family tree. Since there were no other males, he thought Jane, granddaughter of Princess Mary who was the daughter of Henry VII, was the best choice. He wanted her to be his successor and for her to start a new line , making a male heir. 40 But it is stipulated that he was probably manipulated into making that choice because in May 1553, Jane, 16 y.o, married Guildford Dudley, son of John Dudley. It was an attempt from Dudley to have control. Jane was eventually crowned on 10 July 1553 and the council sent an army to capture Mary Tudor in case he rebelled against the crown. That was a failure. After 10 days, Jane’s supporters changed sides because they thought that Jane being queen was against the order of things and they actually chose legitimacy over religion ( Jane was Protestant but not considered legitimate while Mary , even being catholic, was considered the legitimate successor). As Mary became queen on July 20th 1553, Jane was arrested and kept in a tower in London. 41 Dudley is thought of probably being the one behind all that. Mary eventually forgave Jane and blamed Dudley, she wanted him dead but the council didn’t agree and considered Jane as a threat to the crown. In February 1554, Jane’s father started a rebellion , led by a man named Wyatt ; Jane and her Father were executed. III- Mary I ( 1553- 1558) -She is the daughter of Catherine of Aragon , was humiliated by her mother being banished. She remained catholic. -In 1533, Henry VIII declared she was a bastard. -She was very strict when it came to religion so under her reign , she sent a cardinal to Rome in order to negotiate with the Pope to restore the ties between England and Rome => the England monarchy became Catholic again and Catholicism was again the official faith. 42 That led to a lot of Protestants leaving the country ,there were about 800 Protestants intellectuals who were called “ Marian exiles” who went to continental Europe (Netherlands, Germany, Strasbourg). Some of them were eventually captured, sued and then executed. In England, those who stayed but rejected Catholicism were also executed; there were about 300 people called “ Marian Martyrs”. That mass execution made Mary I gain the surname “ Bloody Mary” even though she was not as bloody as her predecessor. There is a book written by John Foxe in 1563 ( long after Mary I’s death) called “Book of Martyrs” that talks about that event and also discredited her reign. That book was widely read. -In 1554, she chose to marry Philip the Prince ( who eventually became King) of Spain. At that time Spain was the wealthiest monarchy (America + Holy Roman Empire), her marriage with Philip of Spain was considered a poor choice because there was a risk of an entire absorption of England by Spain and a fear that he would be crowned as King of England since he was not King Consort. Wyatt's rebellion of February 1554 was to protest against that marriage. They eventually got married in July 1554 despite the rebellion, Philip became king of Spain in 1556, he had no power in England. Mary I and Philip were separated during their marriage ( Mary in England and Philip 43 in Spain ), so Mary began being concerned with succession that led to her having a false pregnancy from 1554 to 1555. -She became progressively questioned as a queen and Philip managed to convince her to start a war against France, due to that , England lost its only territory in continental Europe : Calais that was seized by France in 1558. - By then Mary still didn’t have any heir and was already very ill so she decided to make peace with her sister Elizabeth. *************************************************************** FOR NEXT WEEK : Prepare the question at the end of the PPT - an essay about “ Strengthening Royal Authority from Henry VII to Mary I “ 44 Prepare only the first 2 questions, ,le reste on fait ensemble en cours Essay Gp 1 Essay Gp2 *************************************************************** 45  ELIZABETH I ( 1558-1603) A-The Protestant-Catholic Struggle Mary I died in 1558 childless so her sister Elisabeth was the one who succeeded her. Elisabeth is Anne Boleyn’s daughter so like her mother, she was protestant, thus under her reign, Protestantism was reinstated in England. But Elizabeth actually initiated a new form of Protestantism: Anglicanism. 1559: Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer was readopted; the Church of England was again independent from the Church of Rome, England was mostly Protestant. 46 Elizabeth and her counsellors thought that England’s conversion should be done through a moderate transition; that the religion in England should be a religion that is via media: in between the radicalism of pure protestantism and catholicism. So, in 1563 was published the 39 Articles that settled that , it was about new rituals adopted in Anglicanism, like the foundation document of Anglicanism. It maintained and rejected some rituals/characteristics of pure Protestantism and Catholicism: Baptism and Communion are the only two sacraments recognised Rejection of Clerical celibacy: priest can marry Buying one’s salvation is possible: people give money to the church and in exchange, Priest would claim that they are forgiven Elizabeth, being protestant, adopted that new form of religion because she wanted to tolerate the catholic nobles ( as long as they adhere to her policies), she also hoped they eventually converse to Protestantism. But there were some problems: -With Catholics, despite Elizabeth’s desire to compromise: 47 In 1534, Ignatius de Loyola founded the Company of Jesus ( les jésuites) who were militants of the original version of Catholicism. They went on a mission to convert a lot of people to Catholicism ( the Natives in America, Protestant countries). It was a Counter-Reformation. They were seen as quite annoying, there were a lot of them in England and they had connections with religious ministers. Elizabeth had to send spies or royal officers to make sure they stop or just to discover them. Some were eventually executed in the 1580s, like Edmund Campion, a catholic priest who was an anglican minister who got converted. He tried to use his influence to convert other anglicans; he was arrested in 1581. -With more radical Protestants ( purer form) They were called Puritans or non-conformist, they were quite numerous, they wanted to convert people to their version of Protestantism,wanted to influence the Queen and the court. To them, Anglicanism was too shy and they thought England had to behave in order to become a true powerful protestant country. They wanted more reforms, wanted masses to be more active ( where ministers would preach). They wanted the Queen to be more ambitious diplomatically: going to war with Spain for the liberation of Dutch Protestants, war with France to defeat ultra- catholics in France. They got some active support and were quite disliked by Elizbeth who saw 48 them as a threat to the unity in England; she even sanctioned people who didn’t stop them accordingly like the Archbishop Grindal, of Canterbury because he was too lenient, and didn't try too hard to stop Puritans. There was a church hierarchy in Catholicism (Pope-Cardinals-Archbishops-Bishops) and Protestants rejected that idea; they believed that no one should be in between God and the Believers. They were also mad at Elizabeth because, for Anglicanism, she decided to keep Archbishop and Bishops. Puritans also interpreted the Bible literally, that’s why they got so many conservative views ( a lot of the 1st settlers in America were puritans). They were also considered dangerous by monarchs because they believed that Monarchy and its power should be limited. 49 Puritans today can be said to be inherited by US puritans? ( Darwin’s theory for evolution) or very radical (1st socialist are inspired by them). Elizabeth actually feared them. On the Catholic side, they sent missionaries to expand catholicism: Counter-reformation, and they even invested in buildings mostly in Rome, for example: St Peter’s Basilica in 1626. B- Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots Mary succeeded her father when he died, she was still a newborn so at that time Scotland was under a regency. 50 During that Regency, Henry 8 wanted to marry his son to Mary in order to install an alliance between the 2 countries, at that time, Scotland was France’s ally. That period ( 1544 -1551) was known as the “Rough Wooing” since Henry 8, to achieve his goal, plotted to kidnap Mary as a newborn so she’s sent to the London court to be raised in England so she’d be loyal to England. He sent a military expedition. To protect Mary, in 1548, the regent Aaron sent her to France so she was raised in France and was betrothed to the Dauphin Francis, son of Henry 3 of France. Mary would then become queen of France in 1559 when Francis II is crowned but he unfortunately died in 1560 due to an illness. Mary lost everything and returned to Scotland a year later, in 1561; she had no children so she was no longer important/needed in France. In Scotland, Mary was practically a foreigner because since she was raised in France , she was raised catholic. Being catholic in a Protestant country, her power was threatened due to religious tensions. On top of that, Elizabeth considered her as a threat. Why? Mary actually had Tudor blood by her father ( cousin of Elizabeth) and since Elizabeth was known as the “Virgin Queen” Mary was next in line and everyone knew that. Once in Scotland, Mary was quite clumsy, she mismanaged her powers but also made poor choices in marriage. She married twice, in 1565 51 with a man called Darnley with whom she had a son and in 1567 to Bothwell. FUN FACT: Darnley was killed in 1565 by Bothwell. He then abducted Mary and forced her into marrying him. Her reign caused several rebellions like in july 1567: the 26 “ confederate lords”. She then had to abdicate and her half-brother James became regent because by then her son also named James was only 1y.o. Mary was imprisoned but escaped in 1568 and raised an army against the confederate lords. She was defeated and fled to England hoping to find an ally in Elizabeth who actually arrested her. In England, Mary was held in Tutbury Castle (later in Chatsworth House). It was quite comfortable, she had food, servants, freedom, could go out and write letters, but she was constantly watched by Elizabeth spies ( what she did ,etc…) 52 Elizabeth didn’t really know what to do with her, her counselors advised her to get rid of Mary, because she was seen as dangerous, the only hope for English Catholics but she was quite reluctant. 1568-1587 was a weird period, Mary was treated quite well, there were numerous plots to get rid/overthrow ELizabeth because English Catholics thought that Mary by being Queen would restore Catholicism. 1571: The Ridolfi plot 1583: the Throckmorton plot 1586: The Babington plot that made Elizabeth change her mind. Letters were found and they incriminated Mary: Babington was a noble who wanted to kill Elizabeth and he was linked to Philip of Spain. Mary was found guilty after a trial in front of a court of Nobles and got executed on the 07 february 1587. ELizabeth was a bit hesitant to execute her due to the lack of heir, the fact that Mary had Tudor blood but also the idea that the Monarch is chosen by God: God-anointed monarchs). It is said that it was actually the Privy counselors who decided on the execution by themselves because Elizabeth claimed that she wasn’t aware. Upon hearing that, she arrested the one who gave the order, a man named Davidson but he was released 9 months after. 53 C- The Great Armada and the Trading Empire Involving Philip of Spain again, he lost his authority in England after his wife’s death. He realized the match was smart diplomatically so he tried to woo Elizabeth who refused , she knew it would be a mistake and he was ultra-catholic. Philip then started thinking of overthrowing her; he was considered the most powerful catholic king in Europe, he got closer to Mary Stuart for the desire to restore catholicism in England. When Mary died, he decided to invade England and reinstaure it by himself. 54 At that time, England and Spain were rivals mostly because of religious differences and the Empire ( Portugal and Spain deal in the early 16th to divide South America). England had colonial ambitions in North America, they attacked Spanish ships in the Atlantic ( pillage, taking the wealths for England). That angered Philip who sent massive fleets to invade England, July 1588, known as the GREAT ARMADA. The ships were from Spain but also from the Netherlands. The invasion went from the north of Spain towards England. It was a complete disaster due to the weather and strategic issues; a disaster that resulted in one of the most iconic dates ever because it was the defeat of THE monarch ( Philip) showing the growing Power of England. It was used by Elizabeth as propaganda in which she called herself “Gloriana”. 55 That victory was considered a symbol of Anglicanism being the right religion / way chosen/protected by God. It marked the development of the British Empire; It’s good to know that Spain and Portugal were the first to colonize South America; England and France came later due to a high level of religious tensions. Under Elizabeth, it was more peaceful so there was more focus on colonization, more exploration of America. Elizabeth was interested but she didn’t really want to spend too much money. America was a commercial opportunity, meaning an opportunity to trade humans. Slavery started in the mid 16th century. England was not the 1st country to do slavery but they were the number one in the world. The first English slave trader was John Hawkins in 1562. That marked the triangular trade between England, Africa and America. The commercial appeal of colonization. Companies were then created in America, ,they were charted companies involving joint stocks in the Royal Charter: a commercial monopoly over a given region : - 1579: Eastland Company ( Scandinavian/Beltics) - 1581: Levant Company ( Middle East) - 1600: East India company ( India/Southeast Asia). 56 These companies were made to supervise trade over those regions, they represented the interests of the Crown. Joint Stocks: several people gathered , invested money together to have shares. It was a partnership between the state and Private investors. The companies eventually became wealthy and powerful, they were able to pay armies and became states = colonization was not directly done by the country. In 1575, an explorator called Martin Frobisher landed in Canada while looking for a passage to China and started exploring mines. From 1577 to 1580 was Drake’s circumnavigation of the world, he claimed California in 1579 but it didn’t last. 57 In 1578, Gilbert convinced Elizabeth to grant him an authorization/ patent to build a colony in America and in 1583, he claimed Newfoundland ( Terre-neuve). In 1584, Raleigh is given a patent too, he installed an establishment in North Carolina ( former Virginia) and founded Roanoke in 1585 which eventually collapsed. Raleigh was a key figure in Elizabeth’s conception, he was also a big investment; the name Virginia came from the Queen’s surname Virgin Queen. He was also interested in Caribbean islands but Elizabeth was reluctant to finance due to the costs. 58 That was the time some rumors spread: Land of Plenty , El Dorado. 59 D-Economic Situation The second part of the 16th century was a time of social tensions. There was a great demographic growth in England: 2,2M to 4M ( England + Wales) , a growth that didn’t match the food production that resulted in malnutrition, starvation, price increase and eventually inflation. The government was not able to address these problems effectively plus the problems of enclosures continued ( confiscation of land by wealthy landowners that led to social tensions). Elizabeth did nothing to actually prevent that, she even benefited from enclosures. As criminality increased ( thefts, rebellions), England became more and more dangerous. At the end of Elizabeth’s reign, there were divided solutions like the poor laws of 1601, a new system to address poverty with a social redistribution and penal workhouses dispositions. Instauring property taxes for the rich , the money was then given to the local authorities to be eventually redistributed to the poor or to buy things for them. It was the start of a system of redistribution but also a penal system ( most of the poor were seen as unfit and were sent to workhouses ~ prisons where they worked in exchange of food, shelter and clothes. Vibrancy was criminalized, poor were arrested, whipped, and sent back to the workhouses. 60 There was a disunion in all levels of society: 1601, a noble called Robert Devereux rebels against Elizabeth. Elizabeth died in 1603. portrait analysis 61 THE RENAISSANCE It was quite a peaceful period compared to Mary or Henry, which was one of the reasons of the emergence of a new artistic era ( poetry, drama, music, painting, architecture) Litterature: printing made it possible to make numerous exemplaries: - Edmund Spenser : The Shepheardes Calender - Philip Sidney - Shakespeare: most of his famous plays were written during James’s reign but there were some during elisabeth’s reign that she uses in her propaganda; like Richard III , a play portraying him as an Evil king; or also Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet…. - Christopher Marlowe: Dr Faustus, King Edward II. There was a conspiracy on how he was the one who actually wrote Shakespeare’s plays as they are not many traces of Shakespeare. 62  Elizabeth’s reign was a golden Age for drama, companies were financed by nobles, it was a popular form of entertainment in the late 16th century with 8K to 10K attending the plays every day. Music: nobles would patronize musicians : paying them so that they compose new music. Musicians depended on them. Mary’s reign was a real development because Elizabeth only tolerated religious music and Edward forbade it. Musicians would serve the court in the late 16th century: church + domestic activities ( concerts in castles) - Thomas Tallis - William Byrd - Orlando Gibbons - John Dowland 63  - John Bull Visual arts: - Hans Holbein ( Ambassadors) - Nicholas Hilliard ( Young Man, Mary Sydney, Pelican Portrait) 64  - George Gower: specialised in miniature portraits for Elizabeth, he was a sergeant painter Architecture: Tudor Houses, larger, more comfortable ( size, numbers of rooms), aristocracy mostly benefited from technological progress( glass) ; a lot of medieval castles disappeared or were modified. Elizabethan Style ( ornamental medieval details for decors but French renaissance architecture, large windows, bright, wealthy, spectacular: Burghley House, Hardwick Hall) 65 66