1_Border Management.pdf

BORDER MANAGEMENT INTERNAL SECURITY GS PAPER III - MAINS DIKSHANT SHARMA INTRODUCTION What do we expect from the GOI? Why is border management complex? Is development of border areas important? Border Guarding + Protection OBJECTIVE OF BORDER MANA...

BORDER MANAGEMENT INTERNAL SECURITY GS PAPER III - MAINS DIKSHANT SHARMA INTRODUCTION What do we expect from the GOI? Why is border management complex? Is development of border areas important? Border Guarding + Protection OBJECTIVE OF BORDER MANAGEMENT Securing the country's borders against interests hostile to the country while facilitating legitimate trade and commerce are among the principal objectives of border management. Proper management of borders, which is vital to national security, presents many challenges and includes coordination and concerted action by the administrative, diplomatic, security, intelligence, legal, regulatory and economic agencies of the country, to secure the frontiers and to serve its best interests. As part of strategy to secure the borders as also to create infrastructure in the border areas of the country, several initiatives have been undertaken by the Department of Border Management. Construction of Fencing Floodlighting Border Out Posts Company Operating Bases and Building roads along borders IMPORTANT PRINCIPLE 'One Border, One Border Guarding Force (BGF)’ Bangladesh and Pakistan Borders - Border Security Force (BSF) China Border - Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Nepal and Bhutan Borders - Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) Myanmar Border - Assam Rifles INDIA – CHINA BORDER DISPUTED BORDERS INDIA – CHINA BORDER LATEST UPDATE  LATEST UPDATE 2023 INDIA – CHINA BORDER Border Length – 3,488 Km Entire boundary disputed – Western, Middle & Eastern Sector Wester Sector 1865 – Johnson Line (shows Aksai Chin in Jammu and Kashmir) 1893 – Mc Donald Line (Shows Aksai Chin under China's control) Eastern Sector Tawang region – Arunachal Pradesh Mc Mohan Line – Decided after India-Tibet talks - 1914 Claims entire Arunachal Pradesh China proposed to give Aksai Chin in Exchange INDIA – CHINA BORDER Steps taken to solve disputes Joint working group – 1988 (Last meeting in 2005) – Total 15 Meetings took place Agreement on Peace & Tranquility, 1993 (BPTA) Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996 India undertook border road construction projects in Arunachal Pradesh which was objected by China No Infrastructure on the Indian side Multiple forces along the border – ITBP + AR + Special Frontier Force Water Sharing Issue with China MEASURES TAKEN Building critical infrastructure – Bogibeel Bridge Dhola Sadiya Bridge Road Construction by BRO – 2486 Kms of roads completed Arunachal Express Train – To improve connectivity & fasten troop movement MoD has decided to delegate Administrative & Financial powers to BRO Army Infrastructure – Upto 100 Kms – No forest clearance required BADP + Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Diplomacy channels INDIA – PAKISTAN BORDER INDIA – PAKISTAN BORDER INDIA – PAKISTAN BORDER According to the MHA data collated from all frontiers on the 3,323 km India-Pakistan border, over 979 kg of heroin was seized from the Punjab frontier in the last two-and-a-half years from January 1, 2019 to May 31 this year. INDIA – PAKISTAN BORDER Border Length – 3,323 Km Border categorized under three different heads: Radcliff Line – 2308 Km – From Gujarat to Jammu LoC – 776 Km – From Jammu to Leh AGPL (Actual ground position line) – From NJ9842 to Indira Col in Siachen Border dispute at Sir Creek & Kashmir Water sharing dispute at Indus River Infiltration + Cross Border Terrorism + Drug Trafficking + Arms Smuggling Diverse Terrain makes it difficult to maintain the border MEASURES TAKEN In 1990s – India began fencing of this border Fence has been electrified, connected to sensors and strewn with landmines Border has been lit up with floodlights About 700 border outposts have been made India’s first ICP at Attari Border, Amritsar BSF is implementing 4500 Cr project of Smart Fencing Following Pathankot Attack – MHA sanctioned implementation of CIBMS Indian Special Forces Unit – NSG commandos deployed in J&K  TRADE BOTTLENECKS 1. https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/the-importance-of-india-pakistan-cross-loc-trade/ 2. https://thewire.in/trade/linking-india-pakistan-trade-to-intractable-issues-does-no-one-any-good INDIA – BANGLADESH BORDER INDIA – BANGLADESH BORDER Border Length – 4,097 Km Entire stretch – Plains, Riverine, Hilly, Jungles Disputed border - Land Boundary Agreement – Passed only in 2014 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh & 51 Bangladeshi enclaves in India Illegal Immigration Cattle Smuggling – 1,00,000 confiscated annually ULFA, NDFB have safe houses in Bangladesh  INDIA – BANGLADESH – CATTLE SMUGGLING https://theprobe.in/cattle-smuggling-at-india- bangladesh-border-age-old-problem-few-solutions-in- sight/ MEASURES TAKEN BSF manning 802 existing border outposts on Indo-Bangladesh border Inter BOP distance – 3.5 KM – More to be constructed 32 land custom stations – Petrapole is the largest land port in South Asia Fencing + Floodlighting – Only 501 Km left without fencing Govt. also planning to construct floating fences Border Protection Grid Announced Closed Circuit Cameras, Searchlights, Thermal Imaging Crime free stretches established INDIA – NEPAL BORDER INDIA – NEPAL BORDER Border Length – 1,751 Km Open border since 1950 – FMR signed Equal rights in matters of residence, property, employment, movement Terrorists & criminals exploited FMR to a large extent Abdul Karim Tunda & Yasin Bhatkal arrested from Nepal Border disputes - Kalapani, Lipulekh & Limpiyadhura Crimes involving – FICN, Drug trade, Human Trafficking MEASURES TAKEN New Intelligence section in SSB formed – to be stationed at Indo-Nepal & Indo Bhutan Border GOI approved construction of 1377 Km of roads along the Indo-Nepal Border Development aid to Nepal to prevent human trafficking India has granted Nepal – 15 transit points & 22 trading points along the border INDIA – MYANMAR BORDER  INDIA – MYANMAR BORDER Acting on intelligence report a combined team of Manipur Police and Assam Rifles seized the arms and ammunition while conducting a search operation at a house belonging to an individual at S Moljol village, Ward number 7 of Moreh town on Sunday evening, the police said. INDIA – MYANMAR BORDER Border Length – 1,643 Km Boundary properly demarcated – Only few pockets disputed FMR implemented – Up to 16 Kms No physical barrier along the border Close ethnic ties of many tribes from India Influence of Golden Triangle – Heroine flows from Moreh in Manipur INDIA – BHUTAN BORDER INDIA – BHUTAN BORDER Border Length – 699 Km Boundary dispute only at the tri-junction point with China Open boundary – But Indian insurgent groups established camps in Bhutan Operation “All clear” carried out by Bhutan Smuggling of some famous products Bhutanese Cannabis Liquor Forest products  CLICK & READ https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-india-needs-a-single-agency-to-guard-its-borders-7735976/ Iran – Border Guard Command Italy – Border Police Service Russia – Border Guard Service USA – Homeland Security China – People’s Armed Police COASTAL SECURITY COASTAL SECURITY UNCLOS COASTAL SECURITY Coastal Boundary – 7516 Km Mainland Boundary – 5400 Km Islands – 2100 Km Who is in charge? Up to 12 Nautical Miles – Marine Police in charge From 12 to 200 Nautical Miles – Indian Coast Guard Beyond 200 Nautical miles – Indian Navy  COASTAL SECURITY – BASIC INTRODUCTION Historically and geo-strategically, India has always been a maritime nation. The country has 9 coastal states and 4 Union territories, most of whom believe that maritime and coastal security is the Centre’s responsibility. Some states are yet to set up ‘maritime boards’, despite the Centre’s advice to do so. Over 90 per cent of the country’s trade by volume and over 70 per cent by value, including crude oil, is transported across the seas, which is vital for our economy and energy security. With China moving towards a sea based security doctrine and penetrating into Indian Ocean through Pakistan and Myanmar. COASTAL SECURITY LET’S DECODE THE NEWS! General Bipin Rawat, the Chief of Defence Staff, announced that the country will establish an apex federal body designated the National Maritime Commission (NMC) by mid-2021, to oversee maritime affairs. A National Maritime Security Coordinator would head the proposed body. The maritime security coordinator will work under the National Security Adviser (NSA), and will be the principal advisor to the government on maritime security domain. The ministry of defence and military affairs has sought the Union Cabinet’s approval to create post of NMSC, and a serving or recently retired Vice Admiral of the Indian Navy is likely to be appointed to the role. In fact, the BJP-led government, after assuming power in 2014, had proclaimed that it would establish a multi-disciplinary national maritime authority soon. The delay in announcing the NMC is, however, surprising. OTHER IMPORTANT INITIATIVES – COASTAL SECURITY Ø Since, Prime Minister Narendra Modi assumed office, the beginnings of a sea change in the maritime domain are apparent. Ø The ‘Act East’ policy Ø ‘SAGAR’ (Security and Growth for All in the Region) Ø The push for ‘Blue Economy’ Ø The ‘Sagarmala Project’ Ø Indo-Pacific Initiative Ø Participation in the four-nation QUAD