Living Together Social Studies Student Book Level 7 PDF

Author Reem Arif Al-Otaibi B.A. in English Literature, Jordan University. High Diploma in American History, University of Maryland, USA, IGCSE Sociology Teacher ( 1990 - 2000 ), School Principal ( 2001 - 2010 ). Editor Kim Parker Project Coordinator Omar Shaltaf Design Magenta Square, Design & Print...

Author Reem Arif Al-Otaibi B.A. in English Literature, Jordan University. High Diploma in American History, University of Maryland, USA, IGCSE Sociology Teacher ( 1990 - 2000 ), School Principal ( 2001 - 2010 ). Editor Kim Parker Project Coordinator Omar Shaltaf Design Magenta Square, Design & Print Services [email protected] Art Director Raʼed Tanbouz Illustrator Shereen Issawi Publisher and Owner: Eclipse Publishing Co. Tel: 962 6 5859509 Fax: 962 6 5859609 P.O.Box 2413 – Amman 11181 Jordan [email protected] [email protected] www.eclipse-publishing.com Printed in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Central Press Amman - Jordan ISBN: 9789957437567 All rights reserved. Published by Eclipse Publishing and Distributing Co. Copyright © 2022 2007/2010 No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or restored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. Living Together: is a trademark of Eclipse Publishing and Distributing Co. and the Eclipse Publishing and Distributing Co. logos are trademarks of Eclipse Publishing and Distributing Co. registered in Jordan and/ or other countries. Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders and we apologize in advance for any unintentional omissions. We will be happy to insert the appropriate acknowledgements in any subsequent editions. Table of Contents Chapter 1 The Field of Geography Lesson 1: The Field of Geography 3 Lesson 2: The Contribution of the Muslim Scholars to the Field of Geography 7 Lesson 3: Notable and Famous Geographers 11 Lesson 4: Physical and Cultural Features 14 Lesson 5: Physical and Human Geography 18 Lesson 6: Geography and Technology 21 Chapter 2 People and Places Lesson 1: People's Republic of China 31 Lesson 2: The Republic of India 39 Lesson 3: Islamic Republic of Pakistan 46 Lesson 4: The Republic of Indonesia 50 Lesson 5: Malaysia 56 Chapter 3 Geography and Climate Lesson 1: World Climates 65 Lesson 2: The Koppen Climate Classification 70 Lesson 3: Adaptation to Different Climates: The Inuit People 77 Chapter 4 Oil Resources in the Arab World Lesson 1: The History of Petroleum 87 Lesson 2: Oil Formation and Production 92 Lesson 3: Oil Production and Industry in the Arab World 97 Lesson 4: The History of Olive Oil 102 Lesson 5: Olive Oil Production in the Arab World 107 Chapter 5 Human Societies Lesson 1: The Earliest Human Societies 115 Lesson 2: The Industrial Societies 123 Lesson 3: The Family as a Social Institution 130 Lesson 4: The Family in Constitutions of the World 136 Lesson 5: Challenges Facing Families 142 Chapter 6 Effects of Humans on the Environment Lesson 1: Deforestation 151 Lesson 2: Acid Rain 157 Chapter One: The Field of Geography About the Chapter You have studied geography as one of the components of your social studies. You are already aware of some of the phenomena of geographical nature in the world and its different parts. In this unit, you will study ‘Geography’ as an independent subject. Therefore, pertinent questions you can ask at this stage are: -What is geography? -Why should we study geography? -How can we study Geography? The Big Idea: Geography is the study of the world, its people, and its landscapes. Chapter 1 The Field of Geography Lesson 1: The Field of Geography Lesson 2: The Contribution of the Muslim Scholars to the Field of Geography Lesson 3: Notable and Famous Geographers Lesson 4: Physical and Cultural Features Lesson 5: Physical and Human Geography Lesson 6: Geography and Technology Lesson Lesson 11 Chapter Chapter1:1:The TheField FieldofofGeography Geography The TheField Fieldof ofGeography Geography A. A.What WhatGeography Geographyisis Geography Geographyisisthe thestudy studyofofthe theEarth’s Earth’slandscapes, landscapes,people, people,places places and andenvironments. environments. The Theterm term“Geography” “Geography”was wasfirst firstused usedby bythe theancient ancientGreek Greekscholar scholar Eratosthenes, Eratosthenes,who whowas wasaachief chieflibrarian librarianatatthe thefamous famousLibrary Libraryofof Alexandria Alexandriaininthe thethird thirdcentury centuryB.C. B.C. The Thesubject subjectofofgeography geographyisismuch muchmore morethan thandescribing describingplaces places orormemorizing memorizingthe thenames namesofofcapitals capitalsand andcountries. countries.Geography Geography seeks seekstotounderstand understandthe theworld worldby bystudying studyingthe thelands landsfeatures, features, inhabitants, inhabitants,and andphenomena phenomenaofofEarth. Earth. Geography Geographydraws drawsfrom frommany manyother othersciences sciencesand andsocial socialsciences, sciences, including includingeconomics, economics,political politicalscience, science,history, history,biology, biology,geology, geology, mathematics, mathematics,and andcomputer computerscience. science.The Thework workofofgeographers geographersisis important importanttotourban, urban,regional, regional,and andenvironmental environmentalplanning. planning. B. B.History Historyof ofGeography Geography The Thefield fieldofofgeography geographyhas hasaahistory historythat thatstretches stretchesover overmany many centuries. centuries.Over Overthis thistime timeperiod, period,the thestudy studyofofgeography geographyhas has evolved evolvedand anddeveloped developedinto intoan animportant importantform formby bydifferent different scholars. scholars. 33 Lesson 1 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography Since the beginning of mankind, the study of geography has captured the attention of the people. Geography is the answer to the questions that the earliest humans asked, “What’s over there?” and “How did we get here?”. Through an understanding of place and location, the earliest humans tried to find the answers. Exploration and the discovery of new places and new cultures were of the main concerns of humans. Geography is one of the oldest academic disciplines. Ancient people such as the Chinese, the Egyptians, and the Phoenicians made long journeys and recorded their observations of foreign lands. Thus, geography is often called the “mother of all sciences” as studying other people and other places led to other scientific fields such as Biology, Anthropology, Geology, Mathematics, Astronomy, and Chemistry. The early Greeks were the first civilization to practice a form of geography. The word geography is derived from them and literally means “To describe or write about the Earth”. The early Greeks experienced many adventures and tried to explain and communicate the differences between various lands. 4 Lesson 1 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography C. Aims of Studying Geography Geography teaches an understanding of places and environments. Through your studies in geography, you learn about your local area and compare your life in this area with that in other regions in the rest of the world. It stimulates your interest in the world around you and encourages your appreciation of it. Geography informs you about: -The places and communities in which you live and act -Your natural environments and the problems they face -The physical and human patterns and their interactions -How and why the world is changing globally -How and why your community is changing -How your actions contribute to those changes -The choices that humans have in managing our world for the future -The importance of location in business and decision-making 5 Lesson 1 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography Since Geography is the science of place and space, geographers study locations and spaces to learn more about the world. They study the surface of the Earth, its landscapes, and its features. Geographers ask where things are located on the surface of the Earth, why they are located where they are, and how places differ from one another. Geographers also study the relationships between human activity and natural systems. Geographers work in many different areas, such as environmental management, education, disaster response, city and county planning, and community development. Geographers use many tools and techniques in their work. These tools include Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing, Global Positioning Systems (GPS), online mapping such as Google Earth, and others. 6 Lesson 2 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography The Contribution of the Muslim Scholars to the Field of Geography While Europe was in the midst of darkness, it was the Muslims who picked up the torch of scholarship and science. They collected, critically analyzed, corrected and supplemented the Greek and Roman sciences and philosophies. Muslim’s Geography in the Middle Ages was primarily a continuation of the Greek and Roman scholars which had been lost in Europe.Various Muslim scholars and geographers contributed to the development of geography and Earth sciences. A large number of books on geography were translated and produced by Muslim geographers and travelers, which were widely studied. These books were translated into many European languages, which provided Europeans with knowledge of the world for centuries. A. Muslims Great Concern for Geography Muslim scholars paid great attention to geography. Below are some reasons for the Muslims’ great concern for geography. 1-The Noble Quran invites and encourages people to ponder and to travel throughout the Earth to see the signs of Allah. According to Muslims, traveling and discovering new landscapes are ways to appreciate Allah’s Wisdom and Power. 2- To determine the Qiblah (the position of the Ka’bah in Makkah) direction for Salah is very important for each Muslim. To fulfill this religious duty, each Muslim should have enough knowledge of geography to know the direction of the Qiblah in order to pray five times a day. 7 Lesson 2 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography 3-Many Muslims used to travel to far off lands in order to seek scholars and books for acquiring knowledge. The travel required knowledge of geography and astronomy to learn about places. During his travels, Ibn Battuta became a master of astronomy and was an active stargazer as noted in his 1,000 page travel journal, the Rihla. B. Baghdad Contribution to Geography Geography was patronized by the Abbasid Caliphate. Around 762 C.E. Baghdad became the intellectual capital of the Islamic nation, attracting scholars of all sorts. The city became the center study and translation of scientific writings. It also became the centre of a movement which aimed at translating Greek scientific material into Arabic. Over time, Baghdad accumulated a wealth of knowledge and many key geographical works from the Greeks and Romans. Islamic scholars translated and interpreted the earlier works of the Greeks and Romans and established the House of Wisdom (Bait al-Hikma) in Baghdad for this purpose. By translating important Greek and Roman texts and by contributing to the study of geography, Muslim scholars helped provide the information which allowed the discovery and exploration of the New World in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Muslims went on to be some of the greatest astronomers of their time. The Abbasid Caliph Al- Mamun greatly supported Astronomical research. Baghdad, as a result, became the center of such activity. Muslim scientists designed and constructed large observational instruments. Islamic astronomers developed the 3D armillary spheres to position accurately the sun, stars and moon in relation to the Earth and other planets. The first observatories opened around 850 C.E. in Baghdad and Damascus. 8 Lesson 2 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography C. The Muslim Travelers and Traders Within one hundred years after the advent of Islam, the Islamic state expanded to many countries. The Muslims had to travel to distant lands in connection with trade, spreading Islam and the administration of their vast territories and other purposes. Muslim explorers, sailors, scholars, traders, and travelers played a significant role in promoting geographical study. For example, by the eleventh century, Muslim traders had explored the eastern coast of Africa to 20 degrees south of the Equator (near contemporary Mozambique). In Asia when the Silk Road was at its peak, Muslims journeyed over that road and penetrated as far as China and India. Ancient cities like Merv, Bukhara and Samarqand were then the cradle of all Islamic teaching, law and culture, and grew prosperous at the crossroads for merchants traveling back and forth between the civilizations of East and West. Figure 1.1: Muslim Trade Routes in the Eleventh Century 9 Lesson 2 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography D. The Invention of the Astrolabe In the ninth century, Muslims invented and developed an extraordinarily accurate device called the Astrolabe to help them locate and predict the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars. The astrolabe was developed during the time of the Abbasid Caliphate. It was very important for Muslims because of its ability to determine the time of day for Salah (prayer) times and the direction of the Qiblah. Astrolabes were the cutting edge of technology, developed and used prolifically by Muslim astronomers before making their way into Europe where modern astronomy was born. Dr. Harold Williams, an American Astrophysicist, said, “The Astrolabe is the most important astronomical calculating device before the invention of digital computers, and the most important astronomical observational device before the invention of the telescope.” Figure 1.2 (Astrolabe) 10 Lesson 3 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography Notable and Famous Geographers A. Eratosthenes The ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes is commonly called the “father of geography” for he was the first to use the word geography. Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C. in a Greek colony in Cyrene, Libya. Eratosthenes is famous for making the first good measurement of the size of the Earth. He spent most of his life in the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Figure 1.3: Eratosthenes B. Strabo Strabo was a Greek geographer and historian who claimed to have traveled widely and recorded what he had seen and experienced from a geographical perspective. His work is the only extant work covering the whole range of people and countries known to both Greeks and Romans during the reign of Augustus. Strabo wrote a 17 volume series called Figure 1.4: Strabo “Geographia”. In this series of books, Strabo provided a remarkable account of the state of Greek geographical science, as well as of the history of the countries he surveyed. Strabo described the cultural geographies of the various societies of people found from Britain to as far east as India, and south to Ethiopia and as far north as Iceland. 11 Lesson 3 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography C. Al-Idrisi Abu Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-idrisi was an Arab Muslim geographer. He is known as the father of cartography. He spent much of his early life traveling in North Africa and Spain and acquired detailed and accurate information on both regions. Al-Idrisi wrote one of the greatest works of medieval geography with the title Kitab Nuzhat Al-Mushtaq Figure 1.5: Al-idrisi Map Fi’khtiraq Al-’Afaq. The title has been translated as (The Book of Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands). This work was considered by many geographers as one of early great works of descriptive geography. Al-Idrisi was a proponent of a spherical earth and his works inspired Christopher Columbus and Vasco de Gama. D. Alexander Von Humboldt Alexander Humboldt was a German geographer. Along with Carl Ritter, he is considered one of the founders of modern geography. Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt traveled extensively in Latin America, exploring and describing it for the first time in a manner generally considered to be a modern scientific point of view. This memorable expedition of Latin America may be regarded as having laid the foundation of the sciences of physical geography. 12 Lesson 3 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography Figure 1.6 (Humboldt) Figure 1.7 Alexander Von Humboldt`s American Expedition 1799-1804 13 Lesson 4 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography Physical and Cultural Features You have learned that geography is the field that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. Geographers identify, analyze, and interpret the features on the Earth’s surface. These features include both physical and cultural features. In geography, a physical feature is something which has been made by nature which Almighty Allah created. It is not created by humans. Physical features are commonly divided according to which of the four Earth’s spheres they are found in as follows: -The Atmosphere (air surrounding the Earth) includes features such as air pressure (weight of the air) and temperature -The Hydrosphere (all water in and around the Earth) includes features such as Oceans and rivers -The Lithosphere (solid levels of the Earth’s outer layers) includes features such as mountains and valleys -The Biosphere (living organisms and their environment) includes features such as wild vegetation and wild animals Cultural features are those which have been made by humans using resources from the physical environment. The Cultural features include the following: -Settlements such as towns and cities -Transportation systems such as roads, rail, sea and air -Industry such as mining and agriculture 14 Lesson 4 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography The Five Themes of Geography Geographic education is sometimes divided into five interdependent areas. These are: 1-Location is a description of a place where a person or thing is at. “Where are we?” is the question that the theme Location answers. Locations are absolute or relative. These locations, whether relative or absolute, may be of people or places. A. Relative locations are described by global location such as latitude and longitude or by local location such as a street address. For example: Paris, France is 48o51’ north latitude and 2.20’ east longitude. B. Absolute locations are described by landmarks, time, direction or distance from one place to another and may associate a particular place with another. 2-Place is a description of human and physical characteristics of a location that make it unique. “What are the human and physical characteristics of your hometown?” and “How is your hometown connected to other places?” are the questions that the theme Place answers. There are two types of places: A. Physical places such as mountains, rivers, beaches, and animal and plant life of a place. B. Human - designed and cultural features of a place such as buildings, transportation, and communication networks. 3-Human-Environment Interaction is a description of how humans adapt to and modify the environment. “How do humans and the environment affect each other?” is the question that this theme answers. 15 Lesson 4 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography Class Discussion: -What is the environment of a big city? -What is the environment of a desert? There are three key concepts to human-environmental interaction: -Humans adapt to the environment. For example, people wear clothing that is suitable for summer and winter. In Sudan how people and animals have adapted to the hot and dry climate is another example. -Humans modify the environment. For example, people invent different methods of heating and cooling for comfort. -Humans depend on the environment. For example, the Egyptians depend on the Nile River for their water and transportation. 4- Movement is a description of the movement of people (transportation) and ideas (communication). People interact with each other through travel, trade, information flows (E-Mail) and political events. Class Discussion: -How do we know about elections in the United States? -We live in a global village and global economy. Explain. -How do fashions move from one country to another? 5-Region is a description of the division of the world’s manageable units in terms of the government, language, or possibly the landform or situation. A region is the basic unit of study in geography. Regions are human constructs that can be mapped and analyzed. There are three basic types of regions. 16 Lesson 4 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography -Formal regions are those defined by governmental or administrative boundaries such as cities, states, counties, and countries. -Functional regions are those defined by a function such as airlines service area or a newspaper service area. -Vernacular regions are those defined by people’s perception such as “The South”, “The Midwest” or the “Middle East”. They have no formal boundaries but are understood in our mental maps of the world. About You: -What region do you live in? - What type of region is it? -What are its characteristics? 17 Lesson 5 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography Physical and Human Geography There are two main fields of geography which are physical and human. These sub-fields of knowledge follow a similar methodology. Physical Geography Answer the following questions. -How cold does your country get in the winter? How warm is it in the summer? 1. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -Does it rain much in your country? -Are there mountains, beaches, rivers, or deserts in or nearby your country? Physical geography is one of the two major subfields of geography. It deals with the natural features of the Earth, the home that Almighty Allah (‫ )سبحانه و تعالى‬created for humans. Physical geography is the field of knowledge that studies features and phenomena on the Earth from a spatial perspective and physical systems of the environment. Physical geographers study the surface of the Earth and natural phenomena. They look at topics like climate, landforms, soil, vegetation, and animal life. They are interested in the answers of the questions above. They are interested in issues like the role of seasonal weather patterns on the natural environment, how animals have adapted to live in a particular region, distribution of water, climate patterns, ecosystems, and the relationships between living organisms. 18 Lesson 5 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography Figure 1.8: Phenomena studied in physical geography Physical geography’s primary sub-disciplines are as follows: Meteorology: The scientific study of the atmosphere and its associated phenomena. Climatology: The scientific study of the Earth’s climate over long time spans (greater than several days). Biogeography: The scientific study of the spatial pattern of living organisms. Geomorphology: The field of knowledge that investigates the origin of landforms on the Earth and other planets Pedology: The scientific study of soil Hydrology: Field of physical geography that studies the hydrosphere 19 Lesson 5 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography Human Geography Answer the following questions. -What is the main religion in your country? -Who lives in your community? -Is the neighborhood rural or urban? -Do the people of your community speak several different languages or only one? Human Geography is related to humans and their activities on this Earth. It is the field of knowledge that studies human-made features and phenomena on the Earth from a spatial perspective. Human geographers study the social and cultural aspects of the (man-made) environment on and near the surface of the Earth. They are interested in the answers of the questions above. They are interested in cultural characteristics include population, languages, religious distribution, political systems, economic systems, settlement patterns, transportation networks, and other manifestations of human activity. Figure 1.9: Phenomena studied in human geography 20 Lesson 6 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography Geography and Technology As with any field or area of study, Geography has expanded with the application of technology. All areas of Geography benefit from computer technology. In addition to maps and other tools, geographers use the subfields of Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing and Global Positioning System as primary areas where computer technology is utilized. A. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and display geographic data. It is the newest development on the geographical frontier. It has revolutionized map making and spatial analysis. Maps have been around for hundreds of years. Databases are also not new. What is new is the uniting of the two through the power of the computer. A GIS combines the power of database management systems with the graphics of CAD (Computer Aided Drafting) to allow the user to perform “what if” scenarios and create models. GIS allows geographers and analyst to visualize data in several different ways in order to see patterns and relationships in a given area or subject. Read the examples below: 1- Information Systems (GIS) in the industry have become a necessity. For example, combined with geological tools, GIS can be used to aid in the location of oil well sites. 21 Lesson 6 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography Figure 1.11: GIS Map of oil wells 2- GIS can be utilized for many engineering disciplines and is extremely effective for: -Roadway Design -Roadway Construction -Pavement Repairs Figure 1.12: The Applications of GIS in engineering disciplines 22 Lesson 6 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography 2. Remote Sensing Remote sensing can be defined as the collection of data about an object from a distance. It involves the use of aerial photographs, satellite images, radar, and microwave to obtain information about the Earth and other planets. Types of Remote Sensing Data Sources: The types of remote sensing data vary but each plays a significant role in the ability to analyze an area from some distance away. Below are two types of remote sensing data sources. -The first way to gather remote sensing data is through radar. Its most important uses are for air traffic control and the detection of storms or other potential disasters. -Another type of remote sensing data comes from lasers. These are often used in conjunction with radar altimeters on satellites to measure things like wind speeds and their direction and the direction of ocean currents. Remote Sensing Applications Remote sensing imagery has many applications in soil mapping, and archaeological investigations. The weather Figure 1.13: Radar Image of the Dead Sea 23 Lesson 6 Chapter 1: The Field of Geography maps that are used daily for the local weather are one of the most obvious uses of remote sensing. Those studying urban and other land can use remote sensing because it allows them to easily pick out which land uses are present in an area. This can then be used as data in city planning applications. Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data on dangerous or inaccessible areas. It allows experts to follow-up and monitor risk areas in the long term, to determine desertification factors and to define relevant measures of environmental management. It is helpful in studying vegetation types. Interpretation of remote sensing images allows physical and bio geographers, ecologists, and foresters to easily detect what vegetation is present in certain areas. Figure1.14: Use of remote sensing in deriving forest maps 24 TERMS AND VOCABULARY Abbasid Caliphate: The dynasty of the Islamic state which was established in Baghdad (750- 1258). Al- Mamun: Abu Al-Abbas Abd Allah Al-Mamun was the 7th Abbasid Caliph (786–833). Atmosphere: The vast gaseous envelope of air that surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere contains a complex system of gases and suspended particles that behave in many ways like fluids. Baghdad: A city in Iraq. It was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Cartography: The art or technique of making maps or charts. House of Wisdom: A library and translation institute which was established during the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad. The House of Wisdom flourished until it was destroyed by the Mongols in 1258. Hydrosphere: The hydrosphere describes the waters of the Earth. Lasers: Any of several devices that emit highly amplified and coherent radiation of one or more discrete frequencies. Phenomena: An observable fact or event. Radar: A method of detecting distant objects and determining their position. Region: A term used in geography that describes an area of the Earth where some natural or human-made phenomena occur. Spatial: Relating to, occupying, or having the character of space. Urban: Of or relating to cities and the people who live in them. Urban Area is a geographic area with a high density of people over a limited area.