Biodiversity of Living Things PDF

Unit 2: Biodiversity of Living Things Which one is the closest relative to humans? What is the least closest?  What is Life? It is THE question in Biology, but one we often don’t take the time to consider. Lets think… Common Characteristics of Life 1. Movement-The ability to change the locat...

Unit 2: Biodiversity of Living Things Which one is the closest relative to humans? What is the least closest?  What is Life? It is THE question in Biology, but one we often don’t take the time to consider. Lets think… Common Characteristics of Life 1. Movement-The ability to change the location of some of all of its parts 2. Sensitivity-ability to respond to stimuli 3. Development- orderly, progressive changes in form 4. Complexity-contains a large number of organized molecules and materials 5. Death-ending of all processes, characteristic to living things Fundamental Characteristics of Life 1. Cellular organization-organized assembly of molecules into functional unit (cells) 2. Metabolism-ability to assimilate energy & materials to grow and develop 3. Reproduction-ability to produce viable and fertile offspring 4. Heredity-ability to pass on traits & characteristics to offspring 5. Homeostasis-ability to maintain a stable internal environment  Let’s look at… VS -consumes material & grows - contains cells - can start new fires - produces new frogs - doesn’t pass on traits - consumes material & grows - no cells - passes on traits to offspring - no stable internal environment - maintains internal environment  Think of life on Earth In 2020 it is estimated that we have described 2.1 million species on earth Estimates say there are around 8.7 million species on Earth TODAY (not counting those extinct which is estimated at 13 BILLION) Thats 6.6 million species we haven’t found yet So where are they? Rainforest Deep ocean  Aristotle Aristotle 384 – 322 BC Greek philosopher Arranged organisms based on where they lived: - Plants- Grass(small), bush(medium) or tree(big) - Animals- Earth, water or air But what about those “In-between”? Seagull? Bacteria? Modern Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) Swedish botanist Referred to as the “Father of Taxonomy” Organisms grouped based on physical Characteristics Hierarchical King Philip came over for grape soda Homologous Structures: Share the same structures but not necessarily the same function. Analogous Structures: Are different in structure but have the same function. Ex: Bird vs. insect wings  How Do We Name Species? Firstly, we give species common names BOTH of these birds are commonly called robins but are different species.  How Do We Name Species? Using common names creates a problem because we may miss some species or count a species twice or even mix up species. They are the SAME fish This is a Jack Fish This is a Whitefish Each species therefore needs a unique identifying name which we call a Scientific name. This naming system is called: Binomial Nomenclature  Binomial Nomenclature Uses scientific names Originate from the Latin word Avoids confusion because it is consistent in all languages Made of two words: 1. Genus- Underlined if hand written 2. species Sugar maple → Acer saccharum Species- a group of organisms that look alike and can breed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring. Zonkey= Zebra(Equus grevyi) + Donkey (Equus asinus) Made from two different species but the zonkey is infertile. Erithacus rubecula- Turdus migratorius- American robin European robin Using scientific names also avoids confusion... Seahorse= not a horse!  Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups. Some criteria we can use are -physical appearance -method of movement -how they reproduce -habitat -internal structures -heredity information Where do you live? Continent Kingdom Country Phylum Province Class County Order City Family Street Genus Number Species  Review A brief history of dogs - David Ian Howe Introduction to Taxonomy Complete the comprehension questions on your sheet.  Stop and Think... 1. Which of the species are most closely related? Why. 2. Is the river otter more closely related to the muskrat or weasel? Why? 3. Is the groundhog more closely related to the chipmunk or ferret? Why? 4. Which of the species is (are) the closest relative(s) of the squirrel? Why. a) Felis concolor mountain lion b) Sorex arcticus arctic shrew c) Canis rufus red wolf d) Mephitis mephitis skunk e) Alopex lagopus arctic fox f) Eutamias alpinus alpine chipmunk g) Sciurus arizonensis Arizona gray squirrel h) Sylvilagus aquaticus swamp rabbit What are some limitations to Linnaean taxonomy? How can we improve upon the work already done? The answer…. GENETICS With the advances in molecular biology, we now are able to examine similarities (and differences) at the molecular level. The more closely related two organisms are the more similar the sequence of amino acids in a protein will be. This of course is due to the sequence of nucleotides in the gene being more similar. These similarities are known as molecular homologies. The table below shows the molecular similarities and differences for one protein in nine different animals.  Dichotomous Key A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish. Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item. When using a key to identify organisms you MUST ALWAYS go back to the first question for each new organism.  Dichotomous Keys: Identification Achievement Unlocked Dichotomous Keys: Identification Achievement Unlocked Sharks - Animals Series - The Kids' Picture Show (Fun & Educational Learning Video) Shark Key Answers 4. Requiem 7. Mako Six Kingdoms Domains of Life There are 3 domains of life Archaea: prokaryotic archaebacteria Bactria: prokaryotic true bacteria (eubacteria) Eukaryota: all eukaryotic organisms (protista, fungi, plantae and animalia)  Six Kingdoms ▪ Archaebacteria ▪ Eubacteria ▪ Protista ▪ Fungi ▪ Plantae ▪ Animalia  Archaebacteria Prokaryotic Both Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Unicellular Not capable of locomotion Has a Cell Wall Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments such as hot boiling water and thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen or highly acid environments. Thermophiles, Halophiles, Acidophiles Eubacteria Prokaryotic Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Unicellular Some capable of locomotion Has a Cell Wall – Peptidoglycan True Bacteria Most eubacteria are helpful. Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt. However, these eubacteria, Streptococci pictured above, can give you strep throat! Salmonella, E.Coli, Lactobacillus Protista Eukaryotic Both Heterotrophs and Autotrophs Both Multicellular and Unicellular Some are capable of locomotion (Protozoans) Some have a Cell Wall (Algae) Very Diverse Kingdom! Aquatic Reproduce asexually by binary fission Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena Protists and What are protists?  Fungi Eukaryotic Cordyceps: attack of the killer fungi - Planet Earth Attenborough BBC wildlife Heterotrophs National Geographic - Kingdom Of The Forest - Fungi Most multicellular, some single celled (yeast) Reproduce sexually and asexually by forming spores Found anywhere but prefer dark,damp Not capable of locomotion Has a Cell Wall – Chitin Major decomposers! Mushrooms and yeast  Plantae Eukaryotes Autotrophs Multicellular Sexually and asexually Terrestrial and aquatic Not capable of locomotion Has a cell wall – cellulose Examples ….??? MALE PINE CONES Male pine cones are smaller than female cones and only live a few weeks. You can identify them as brown, tube-like clusters on the branches of a pine. Each scale holds a pollen sack, or microsporangium, and each pollen sack contains pollen grains, each called a microgametophyte, or microspore. In some conifers, male cones are higher in the tree than female cones, allowing the pollen when released to take advantage of this added height in floating farther when the wind or breeze carries it off. FEMALE PINE CONES Female pine cones are probably what you think of when you think of a pine cone. They live for several years, unlike male cones, and are larger than male cones. Often you'll find female cones lower on the tree to take advantage of the downward fall of pollen.  Animalia Eukaryotes Heterotrophs Multicellular Sexual reproduction Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems Most are capable of locomotion No Cell Wall Very diverse – behavioural adaptations! How does a jellyfish sting? - Neosha S Kashef  Review of the Six Kingdoms Six Kingdoms of Classification Classification Practice questions Time for a song? SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION SONG About Six Kingdoms of Life While you work... 8 Hours of Whale Sounds Deep Underwater for Sleep and Relaxation "Baby Beluga" by Raffi (Raffi in Concert with the Rise & Shine Band) Classifying by Body Cavity Coelom is a crucial step in evolution since a complicated body plan would benefit from it. A coelom allows compartmentalization to separate biological systems that carry out differing major functions. We are coelomates! Animals without coelom (acoelomates) would have to rely on diffusion to transport nutrients around the body. Since acoelomates (such as flatworms) are relatively small and have less intricate body plan (flat), diffusion is enough to carry out transport function. However, for animals (such as mammals) that have complicated body plans would need other transport system (circulatory system) apart from diffusion. Pseudocoelomates lack a circulatory system, and the mesoderm only partially covers the fluid filled body cavity.This body cavity is filled with fluid, which suspends the internal organs and separates the digestive tract and outer body cell wall. However, in pseudocoelomates the organs are not as organized as a coelomate. Comparing Vertebrates and Invertebrates VERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES Internal skeleton No internal skeleton Backbone No backbone Usually have a tail (or tailbone) No tail Heart is on the ventral side Heart, when present, is on the dorsal side Closed circulatory system Open circulatory system Endothermic Exothermic Spinal cord is dorsal and hollow Nerve cord is ventral and solid 3% of Kingdom Animalia 97% of Kingdom Animalia Wonderful Animals! Weird but Wonderful Animals Why do we harvest horseshoe crab blood? - Elizabeth Cox A World of Invertebrates The Diversity of Invertebrates Complete the worksheet posted on google classroom  Animal Kingdom Info Poster Choose an animal you are not familiar with. There is a lot to explore out there! Also….choose resources wisely and include them on the back of your template! **The above photo is not a real animal Earthworms Earthworm Dissection | Carolina.com The Living Fossil Fish- Scientific name: Latimeria chalumnae Common name: Coelacanth Animated Life: The Living Fossil Fish Just for the fun of learning Why do animals have such different lifespans? Kingdom Plantae 55 How big is the biggest tree? Biggest Trees  Plant Characteristics Multicellular Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose Lack Mobility Have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll Most are terrestrial The study of plants is botany 57  How would you classify plants? Using prior knowledge of plants, what would be List: some ways to classify plants? 58  Taxonomy Land plants are divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for Vascular water and dissolved Bundles materials This is called a Vascular System 59  Nonvascular: No vessels (no xylem and phloem) No roots No true stems No true leaves Reproduce by spores Ex: Mosses and liverworts Require a constantly moist environment  Vascular: Have vessels to transport food and water They have roots, stems or leaves Ex: grass, corn, trees, flowers, bushes Main Parts of Vascular Plants: Shoots -Found above ground -Have leaves attached - Photosynthetic part of plant Roots -Found below ground -Absorb water & minerals -Anchor the plant 62  Vascular Plants- Two Groups Seedless Seed-bearing Reproduce by Reproduce by seeds spores 1) Gymnosperms: nonflowering plants; naked seeds (pines, spruces, cedars, junipers) 2) Angiosperms: flowering plants; seeds enclosed in a fruit (fruit trees, flowers) 63 Angiosperms- Monocots The word Mono- means one. Monocots get their names from having one cotyledon. A cotyledon is the part of the seed that will grow into the leaves. Monocot can be identified by their flowers parts. The flower parts on a monocot plant come in multiples of 3 Monocot leaves have parallel or up and down veins. Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundles. Angiosperms- Dicots The word Di- means two. Dicots get their names from having two cotyledons instead of one. Dicot flower parts come in multiples of 4 or 5. Count the petals and identify whether they are multiples of 4 or 5 Dicot leaves have veins that are scatter or “netted.” This means they do not follow a pattern Dicot stems are normally woody. Dicots have ring like vascular systems Vascular Plant Classification Monocot or Dicot? Monocot or Dicot? Monocot or Dicot? Monocot or Dicot? Monocot or Dicot? Monocot or Dicot? Monocot or Dicot? Monocot or Dicot? Spores Spore- a typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of seedless plants, fungi, and protozoans. Monocots and Dicots Monocots vs Dicots Explained Work on questions on the back of your note sheet! Videos for review Plants: Diversity, Structure, & Adaptations 16 weird plants that seem more supernatural than natural Weirdest plants in the world: Discover some of the planet's wackiest flora Kingdom Plantae Postcard Flower Plant Reproduction in Angiosperms Flower Dissection Life in the Wet Zone- BBC Kingdom Of Plants - Life In The Wet Zone : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive 3-2-1 3 Things you learned 2 things you found interesting 1 thing you will share with someone at lunch today KINGDOM FUNGI What is a fungus? A eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organism that does not have chlorophyll. Mycology = study of fungi  Structure: The main body of most fungi is made up of fine, branching, usually colourless threads called hyphae. Each fungus will have vast numbers of these hyphae, all intertwining to make up a tangled web called the mycelium. Structure: ◻ Fruiting bodies (such as mushrooms) are made up of thick collections of hyphae. ◻ Fruiting bodies can produce spores Ecological Importance: ◻ Decomposers: recycle nutrients (often called saprobes or saprophytes) ◻ Parasites: feed on living organisms ◻ Symbiosis: mutualistic relationships Ex. lichens and mycorrhizae How fungi feed: Extracellular digestion: As the hyphae grow across a food surface, they release digestive chemicals These chemical break large organic molecules into smaller molecules The smaller molecules diffuse into the fungi How Fungi Reproduce: ◻ Most fungi can reproduce with asexual or sexual reproduction ◻ Fragmentation: (asexual) when a piece of hyphae brakes off, a new piece can grow back ◻ Spores: windblown reproductive cells that help fungi disperse to new locations Diversity of Fungi: ◻ Over 100,000 species of fungi ◻ 4 phyla ⬜ Classified according to their reproductive structures 1. Phylum Zygomycota: Example: bread molds Spores for reproduction Hyphae grow into the food source  2. Phylum Ascomycota: Sac fungi Produce a sac-like reproductive structure called an ascus Examples: ○ Morels and truffles (for eating) ○ Yeast (only unicellular fungi) ○ Athlete's foot, ringworm ○ Plant diseases: Dutch elm and ergot  3. Phylum Basidiomycota: Club Fungi Examples includes mushrooms, shelf fungi and puffballs Produce spore in a club shaped structure called basidia The basidia are located under the cap in the gills http://www.mykoweb.com/photos/large/Lycoperdon(mgw-01).jpg Amanita muscaria 4. Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi) Reproduces asexual only Many are used in food production, such as cheeses and soy sauce Examples are: Penicillium Aspergillus Developed penicillin the Causes lung disease in antibiotic from this humans Alexander Fleming and the Accidental Mould Juice Lichens + Fungi = ♥ Mutualistic relationship (both benefit from living together) between a fungi and a cyanobacteria or algae ○ Fungi provides shelter and moisture and the photosynthetic partner provides the food Today’s Work -Bat Article (in classroom) -Complete questions and good/bad fungi activity in booklet  BACTERIA Kingdom Eubacteria and Kingdom Archaebacteria General Characteristics: Lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (prokaryotic) Have a cell wall (peptidoglycan) Microscopic / unicellular (some colonies) Asexual reproduction Roughly 4000 classified species (estimated to be around 400 000 to 4 million species) *Only a minority of bacteria cause disease… majority are essential to all life on earth!  General Diagram capsule: protective layer outside the cell wall, only in some bacteria Bacteria in the Body On average, the skin supports about 1 trillion bacteria. The most common include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Corynebacterium, which metabolize sweat to produce body odor. Most of those bacteria actually help to keep the skin healthy by competing with dangerous pathogens for nutrients.  Bacteria in the Body Dental streptococcus If you don't brush regularly, you probably have a biofilm of bacteria 300 to 500 cells thick on the surface of your teeth. The dominant species in this dental plaque are Streptococcus sanguis and S. mutans. The bacteria ferment sugars and secrete sticky polymers that form the basis of plaque.  Bacteria in the Body Firmicutes and Bacteroides At least 500 species of bacteria, weighing about 3.3 pounds, live inside the human gut. They break down carbohydrates and make essential nutrients like vitamins K and B12. They also crowd out harmful bacteria. Classifying Bacteria 1. Based on Origin Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria (live in extreme environments) Eubacteria – “true” bacteria Classifying Bacteria 2. Based on Shape Name this Bacteria!  Name this Bacteria!  Name this Bacteria!  Classifying Bacteria 3. Based on Cell Wall Gram + have a thick cell wall composed of mostly peptidoglycan (stain violet) Example: Staphylococcus aureus Gram – have an outer cell membrane which hides the cell wall peptidoglycan (stain pink) Example: Escherichia coli Nutrition Heterotrophs: parasites (live in or around another organism) saprophytes (decomposers) Autotrophs: photosynthetic autotrophs (cyanobacteria) chemosynthetic autotrophs Respiration Most are Aerobic: require O2 (oxygen) for respiration. Some are Anaerobic: do not require oxygen for respiration  Reproduction Binary Fission Asexual reproduction Binary fission Example of exponential population growth Conjugation Exchanging of genetic material Simple sexual reproduction Spore formation Some species can form an endospore in unfavourable conditions (dormant phase) Amoeba Sisters https://youtu.be/ORB866QSGv8?si=8PMePDm7tUb b3RaG Good / useful bacteria… Nitrogen fixing bacteria Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria) Decomposing bacteria Gut flora (digestive bacteria) Bacteria that help us make foods (yogurt, cheese, sourdough bread) Probiotics – outcompete disease causing bacteria https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eksagPy5tmQ Instagerm  Kingdom Protista! Protists and Fungi Kingdom Protista Greek “protos” = first Plants, animals and fungi likely evolved from protist ancestors.  “No more pleasant sight has met my eye than this of so many thousands of living creatures in one small drop of water.” -Anton von Leeuwenhoek General characteristics of Protists: All are eukaryotes Most are aquatic All are aerobic Most are unicellular Some are heterotrophs / some autotrophs (photosynthetic with a pellicle aka cell wall) General characteristics continued… Some capable of locomotion (protozoans) Asexual & Sexual reproduction Size varies greatly! ~0.01 mm (single celled algae) ~65 m (giant kelp) Classification of Protists Algae (plant-like) Protozoans (animal-like) Slime molds (fungus-like) Protists | Biology  Algae - “plant-like” Photosynthetic autotrophs Very important to aquatic food webs Classified based on colour and structure – Golden algae (includes diatoms) – Green algae – Red algae – Brown algae (includes kelp) – Euglenoids Protozoans - “animal-like” Unicellular Most capable of locomotion Heterotrophs and Autotrophs Classified based on structure and method of locomotion Mastigophora (aka. flagellates)- Includes euglena, Dinoflagellate Ciliophora- Includes paramecium Sarcodina (aka. rhizopods)- Includes the amoebas Sporozoa- Not capable of locomotion ** Euglena are also “plant-like” because they have chloroplasts Red Tide A bloom of certain dinoflagellates can result in a visible coloration of the water colloquially known as red tide, which can cause shellfish poisoning if humans consume contaminated shellfish. Slime Mould: Fungi-like protist ❏ Named due to slimy trail left behind ❏ During some life stages, resemble protozoans (amoeba like or have flagella) and other times produce spores like fungi. ❏ Spends some of its life as single cell, but single cells can combine to create multicellular plasmodium (slug-like) Are You Smarter Than A Slime Mold? Slime Moulds Euglena The pellicle acts like a “cell wall” Paramecium 1. Cilia 6. Food Vacuole 2. Pellicle 7. Anal Pore 3. Cytoplasm 8. Contractile Vacuole 4. Micronucleus 9. Macronucleus 5. Oral Groove (mouth) Amoeba 1. Cell Membrane 2. Nucleus 3. Contractile Vacuole 4. Cytoplasm (ectoplasm) 5. Cytoplasm (endoplasm) 6. Pseudopod 7. Food vacuole 8. Cyst Today’s work: Read the info in your booklet and use the guide to color your protists Questions on the euglena, paramecium and amoeba Euglena Questions: 1. On which end is the flagellum located? At the anterior end 2. Describe the two ways in which the euglena get their nutrients. Photosynthesis and absorb through their cell membrane (endocytosis) 3. What is the eyespot used for? To detect light 4. What is the function of the contractile vacuole? What would happen if the cell did not have this organelle? Contractile vacuole gets rid of excess water. If the vacuole were not there the euglena would burst. Paramecium Questions: 5. What do paramecium eat? Algae and other microorganism 6. How do all members of the Phylum Ciliophora move? With cilia 7. Why can't the paramecium change shape like the amoeba? The presence of the pellicle 8. What do the macronucleus and micronucleus do? Macro- Protein synthesis and respiration, Micro- Reproduction 9. What is the oral groove? The area where food enters the organism 10. What is the function of the trichocysts? They act as a defense mechanism and are fired when the paramecium is threatened. 11. Where do paramecium live? In pond water, stagnant water Amoeba Questions: 12. How does an amoeba move? With pseudopodia 13. How does an amoeba reproduce? Binary fission- The inside contents of the protist are duplicated then splits in two. 1. Oscillatoria 8. Ceratinum 2. Amoeba 9. Volvox 3. Euglena 10. Chlamydomonas 4. Blepharisma 11. Paramecium 5. Spirogyra 12. Gloeocapsa 6. Nostoc 13 Anabaena 7. Stentor 14. Vorticella 15. Chilomonas