Anemia PDF - Types, Causes, and Effects

## Anemia **Definition:** Anemia means deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood, which can be caused by either too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin inside the cells. - Reduction of RBCs count and or - Reduction of HB content These values are below the normal range for age and sex. ## Types and Ca...

## Anemia **Definition:** Anemia means deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood, which can be caused by either too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin inside the cells. - Reduction of RBCs count and or - Reduction of HB content These values are below the normal range for age and sex. ## Types and Causes of Anemia **Classified according to the size of RBCs and its HB content** | According To | NORMOCYTIC NORMOCHROMIC | MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC | MACROCYTIC ANEMIA | |---|---|---|---| | RBC size (MCV) | normal | Less than normal | More than normal | | Amount of HB (MCH) | normal | Less than normal | | ### **1. Normocytic Normochromic Anemia** - **Hemolytic anemia** - Due to hemolysis - **Hemorrhagic anemia** - Due to acute blood loss - **Aplastic anemia** - Due to bone marrow depression ### Hemolytic Anemia - **Hereditary intracorpuscular** - **Cell membrane defect** - *H. Spherocytosis* - **HB defect** - Sickle cell anemia - Thalassemia - **Acquired extracorpuscular** - **Poisoning** - **Snak venom** - **Drugs** - **Toxines** - **HDNB** ### Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia - **Iron deficiency anemia** - Due to: - Decrease intake - Decrease absorption - Decrease storage - Increase requirements - Chronic blood loss: due to - GIT bleeding - Hematuria - Ankylostoma infestation - Excessive menstruation ### **3. Macrocytic Anemia** - **Called** - (Megaloblastic anemia) - (maturation failure anemia) - **Causes:** - Deficiency of vit B12 OR folic acid due to - Decrease intake - Decrease storage - Decrease absorption - Increase requirement - **Decrease absorption of vit B12 due to:** - ↓intrinsic factors (atrophy of gastric mucosa/ gastrectomy) is called pernicious anemia - disease of lower ileum ## Important Notes - **nutritional anemia** anemia caused by nutritional disorder such as: - Iron deficiency anemia - Vit B12 deficiency and folic acid deficiency - Protein deficiency hypoproteinemia ## Summary of Important Types of Anemia and their Physiological Causes: - **Blood Loss Anemia** - acute loss: normocytic normochromic anemia - chronic loss: microcytic hypochromic anemia - **Aplastic Anemia:** normocytic normochromic anemia - **Hemolytic Anemia:** normocytic normochromic anemia - **Megaloblastic Anemia** macrocytic anemia ## Effects of Anemia - **Physiological effects:** - **On CVS:** - **↓ Blood viscosity:** ↓Peripheral Resistance - **↑ Venous return:**↑Cardiac output - ↑ Pumping workload on the heart - ↑Heart rate and lastly may lead to heart failure. - **Hypoxia** - Decreased O2 supply to the tissues - **Jaundice** - Hemolytic anemia lead to increase formation of bilirubin ## Diagnosis of Anemia **3 aims to diagnose anemia** - To know if there is anemia - To know the type of anemia - To diagnose the reason of anemia **To know if there is anemia** - RBCs count - HB content - Hematocrit value (packed cell volum) **All are low in anemia** **To know the type of anemia** - Calculate blood indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) - **MCV:** the average volume of single RBC - Normal range 90 +/- 7 cubic micron (83-97) - **MCH:** the average amount of HB in a single RBC - Normal range 30+/- 3 picogram (27-33)pg - **MCHC** it is the amount of HB in 100ml packed RBCs ## Polycythemia **Definition:** Abnormal increase in RBCs count **Types and Causes** - **Primary polycythemia** (polycythemia Vera): tumor like condition of all blood forming cells RBC, WBC, PLT, Htc - **Secondary polycythemia** may be - Physiological: as in high altitude - Pathological: as in heart failure chronic lung disease **Effect of polycythemia on CVS** - **Increase in blood viscosity lead to increase in:** - Peripheral Resistance & blood pressure - **WORK OF HEART** - lastly may lead to **HEART FAILUR** - **Increase viscosity also decrease in** - Blood flow to the tissues.....stagnant hypoxia