081-PP02L022 ELO A_Introduction to the Endocrine System _V 2.0_.pdf

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Introduction to the Endocrine System 081-NP02L022 ELO A · Version 2.0 Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 8th ed., Chapter 51, p. 1698 - 1702 TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE Given a patient with a disorder of the pituitary system determine approaches for safe and effective patie...

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Introduction to the Endocrine System 081-NP02L022 ELO A · Version 2.0 Foundations and Adult Health Nursing, 8th ed., Chapter 51, p. 1698 - 1702 TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE Given a patient with a disorder of the pituitary system determine approaches for safe and effective patient care. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE: A Identify the glands of the endocrine system to include the role of the hypothalamus in a classroom environment provided handouts, instruction, and diagrams by correctly responding to written, oral, and experiential assessment measures without measure. ENDOCRINE GLANDS & HORMONES WHAT IS A GLAND? Tissues that work together to produce and secrete: Hormones Enzymes Two types: Exocrine Endocrine EXOCRINE GLANDS Secrete enzymes Function: to move substance into or out of the body Examples Digestive system: Gastric enzymes & saliva Sweat glands ENDOCRINE GLANDS Ductless glands Function: release hormones directly into the blood stream Hormones Control regulatory function Examples: cellular metabolism, human growth, fluid and electrolyte balance, production of energy PHYSIOLOGY Exocrine and endocrine glands control homeostasis Communicating and regulating body functions Hormones Chemical messengers promote metabolic changes Slight changes can disrupt metabolic balance NEGATIVE FEEDBACK INHIBITION Gland releases hormone Stimulates target cells Releases secondary hormone Gland slows the release of the primary hormone in response to rise in secondary hormone THE PITUITARY GLAND “MASTER GLAND” Controls and communicates – through negative feedback system Located beneath the hypothalamus Two segments: Anterior pituitary gland Posterior pituitary gland Hypothalamus Produces hormones to the posterior pituitary HORMONES Tropic Hormones Stimulate the activity of another endocrine gland Non-tropic Hormones Direct effect on mammary glands ANTERIOR PITUITARY “Adenohypophysis” 6 major hormones Tropic hormones: Somatotropin, or growth hormone (GH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Gonadotropic hormones: Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH) Non-tropic hormone: Prolactin (PRL) POSTERIOR PITUITARY “Neurohypophysis” Storage of two hormones Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin Released when hypothalamus is stimulated CHECK ON LEARNING Briefly explain stimulation of the pituitary gland (negative feedback loop). THE THYROID GLAND ANATOMY Located in the neck, below the larynx Butterfly-shaped Formation of thyroid hormone Iodine required THYROID HORMONES Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin (CT) Function: Increase of the body’s metabolic rate Regulate Growth and development Metabolism Nervous system activity Calcitonin – Causes calcium to be stored in the bones PARATHYROID GLAND Glandular tissue on the surface of the thyroid Hormone – Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Function: Antagonist to calcitonin Regulates phosphorus in the blood PTH and calcitonin – maintain stable blood calcium concentrations ADRENAL GLANDS ANATOMY Two “suprarenal” glands Located on the superior surface of the kidney Both glands contain the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex – outer layer Adrenal medulla – inner layer ADRENAL CORTEX Three layers – secrete hormones (steroids) Outer layer – mineralocorticoids Middle layer – glucocorticoids Inner layer – sex hormones ADRENAL STEROIDS Mineralocorticoids Water and electrolyte balance Manage blood pressure (indirectly) Aldosterone (main one), regulates: Sodium and potassium levels Glucocorticoids Cortisol Glucose metabolism “gluconeogenesis” Plays a part in maintaining normal blood pressure Anti-inflammatory properties Anti-immunity and anti-allergy ADRENAL SEX HORMONES Androgen Testosterone Contribute to growth and reproduction in both men and women Women naturally produce small amounts ADRENAL MEDULLA Hormones Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine “Fight or flight” response Help the body to resist stress Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) CHECK ON LEARNING Which hormones are responsible for “fight or flight”? CHECK ON LEARNING Which hormones are responsible for blood calcium levels? THE PANCREAS ANATOMY Elongated gland – posterior stomach Composed of exocrine and endocrine tissue Tissue – islets of Langerhans Secrete two major hormones Insulin – secreted by beta cells Glucagon – secreted by alpha cells (in response to glucose levels) CHECK ON LEARNING Describe the negative feedback relationship between insulin and glucose. SEX GLANDS FEMALE SEX GLANDS ANATOMY Two ovaries In the lower abdominal region Left and right of the uterus Major female sex glands OVARIES At puberty begin to produce two hormones: 1. Estrogen 2. Progesterone Estrogen Secondary sex characteristics (breasts, external genitals, axillary and pubic hair, menstrual cycle) Progesterone Continues the preparation of reproductive organs * The placenta – temporary endocrine gland MALE SEX GLANDS MALE SEX GLANDS Outside the body in the scrotum Two oval sex glands called – testes Hormone – testosterone Secondary sex characteristics (axillary, pubic, and facial hair) Deeping of voice Muscle and bone mass * testosterone necessary for sperm formation THYMUS GLAND Lies in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum Hormone – thymosin Active role in the immune system T lymphocytes – carry out immune reactions T cells mature in the thymus PINEAL GLAND Small, cone-shaped Located in third ventricle of the brain Hormone – melatonin Linked to sleep function and regulation of circadian rhythms Circadian rhythms – physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a daily cycle. CHECK ON LEARNING What is a temporary endocrine gland that forms and functions during pregnancy? CHECK ON LEARNING Which gland plays an active role in the immune system? CHECK ON LEARNING Which gland and hormone are linked to sleep functions of the body? SUMMARY OF MAIN POINTS Location and function Thyroid glands Adrenal glands Pancreas Sex glands Thymus gland Pancreas Pineal gland QUESTIONS?