L.2 The Periodic Table of Elements Classification PDF

L.2The Periodic Table of Elements classification of element Learning objective : The students will be able to : identify and define the major categories of elements in the periodic table, including metals, nonmetals, and metalloids, and describe their general properties. The Students will be ab...

L.2The Periodic Table of Elements classification of element Learning objective : The students will be able to : identify and define the major categories of elements in the periodic table, including metals, nonmetals, and metalloids, and describe their general properties. The Students will be able to classify elements into their appropriate categories based on their physical and chemical properties, such as conductivity, malleability, and reactivity. What are Atoms? ◦ Atoms are the simplest and smallest particle composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons. ◦ The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is equal to its atomic number. ◦ Normally, the number of protons equals the number of electrons. The Atom’s Family Protons, Neutrons and Electrons ◦ A proton is a positively charged particle inside the nucleus. ◦ A neutron is a neutral particle also inside the nucleus. ◦ An electron is a negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus. What is the Periodic Table of Elements? ◦ Elements are substances that cannot be broken down any further by chemical means. There are over 100! ◦ The Periodic Table is the arrangement of these elements by increasing atomic number and similar properties. Elements ◦ Each element on the Periodic Table has an atomic number, symbol, name and average atomic mass. ◦ Atomic number – the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ◦ Average atomic mass – the mass of an atom including the protons, neutrons and electrons.  How is it Arranged? ◦ The elements are put into rows by increasing ATOMIC NUMBER. ◦ The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled 1 to 7. ◦ The vertical rows are called groups and are labeled 1 to 18 The red lines show the different periods and the green lines show the groups. Three States of Matter Substances are made up of particles. The state of the substance depends on the arrangement of the particles. The Three States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Particles held Particles held No attraction tightly weakly between particles Very close together Very close together Far apart Regular Random Random arrangement arrangement arrangement Vibrate Vibrate Vibrate Can’t move from Constantly move Move quickly in all Grouped Elements Have Similarities ◦ Elements in the same group have similar properties. Remember, groups are columns. ◦ Chemical Property - a property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity. Ex: burning something. ◦ Physical Property - a characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance into something else. Ex: measuring something’s length, color, mass or volume.   Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids ◦ The major categories of elements are the metals, non- metals, and metalloids. ◦ Metals are lustrous, malleable, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. ◦ Non-metals are elements that do not share the properties of metals. ◦ Metalloids are elements that share some, but not all the properties of metals. Metalloids ◦ Here’s a list of the commonly recognized metalloid elements: ◦ Boron (B) ◦ Silicon (Si) ◦ Germanium (Ge) ◦ Arsenic (As) ◦ Antimony (Sb) ◦ Tellurium (Te) ◦ Polonium (Po) (sometimes considered a metalloid) ◦ These elements exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals, making them useful in various applications, especially in electronics and materials science Metals - Lustrous, Malleable, and Good Conductors? These are physical properties of metals ◦ Lustrous means shiny or reflective of light. ◦ Coins and jewelry are shiny and reflective. ◦ Malleable means capable of being shaped. ◦ Aluminum foil is shaped or molded around food items to keep them fresh. ◦ Being a Good Conductor means being able to allow electricity and heat to flow through. − When you think about the wires we use for electrical devices, they are mostly made of copper and other metals. Alkali Metals ◦ Elements in Group 1 (not including Hydrogen). ◦ Very reactive metals. Always combine with something else in nature. ◦ Salt – an Alkali Metal, Sodium, and another element, Chlorine, combined. Alkaline Earth Metals ◦ Elements in Group 2. ◦ Reactive Metals that are always combined with non-metals in nature. ◦ Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients, like Calcium. Transition Metals ◦ Elements in Groups 3-12. ◦ Less reactive, harder metals. ◦ Includes metals used in jewelry, money and construction ◦ They can form colored compounds ◦. Boron ◦ Elements in Group 13. ◦ Boron has properties of both metals and non-metals. ◦ The rest of the elements in this group are metals. Carbon ◦ Elements in Group 14. ◦ Contains elements important to life and computers. ◦ Carbon is the basic element in all organic compounds. ◦ Silicon and Germanium are important semiconductors. ( Pb)We use the Lead in batteries. Nitrogen ◦ Elements in Group 15. ◦ Nitrogen makes up more than ¾ of our atmosphere. ◦ The red tip of matches is made of phosphorous. GROUP 16 ◦ Elements in Group 16. ◦ Oxygen is necessary for respiration. ◦ Many things that have a bad odor contain sulfur. Halogens ◦ Elements in Group 17. ◦ Very reactive, diatomic non-metals. ◦ Always found combined with other elements in nature. ◦ Chlorine is used to keep bacteria out of swimming pools. Noble Gases ◦ Elements in Group 18. ◦ Noble gases are colorless, odorless, and tasteless gases that are chemically inert due to having a complete valence shell of electrons. ◦ Used in lighted neon signs. ◦ Helium is used to make party balloons float. Elements Used Everyday Can you think of any elements you use every day?