STI Handout: Chemical Reactions (PDF)

SH1909 The Organizational Chart Of Matter while the products are written on the right-hand side. The two (2) are separated by an arrow which shows the direction of the reaction. An...

SH1909 The Organizational Chart Of Matter while the products are written on the right-hand side. The two (2) are separated by an arrow which shows the direction of the reaction. An Pure Substances arrow pointing to the right is known as a forward reaction, while an arrow pointing to the Elements Compounds left is known as a reverse reaction. If two (2) arrows (⇋) are placed between the reactants and products, this shows that the reaction is Atomic Molecular Molecular Ionic reversible. Some reactions include a word or symbol above the arrow. This indicates a condition or influencing factor is being added to The Periodic Table of Elements execute the reaction. The periodic table is divided mainly by Families. Families are the elements in a Things to Remember when Writing column in the periodic table. The older Reactions International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) system would use Roman Use subscripts to indicate the state of the numerals and letters to differentiate the compound. If solid (s), if liquid (l), if gas (g), families; however the modern IUPAC makes and if in an aqueous solution (aq). use of Arabic numbers which simply numbers Be mindful of capitalization in elements. NI the columns 1 to 18. (Nitrogen iodide) is different from Ni (Nickle). Group 1 – Alkali metals Don’t forget to add all the compounds and Group 2 – Alkali earth metals elements involved in the reaction. Group 13 – Boron group Coefficients indicate how much of that compound is involved in the reaction. Group 14 – Carbon group Subscripts indicate the charge. Group 15 – Nitrogen group 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂62(𝑠) + 𝑂2(𝑔) (Pnictogens) Group 16 – Oxygen group Equation 1.0 Sample Chemical Equation Photosynthesis involves the interaction of carbon (Chalcogens) dioxide (in gaseous) form and water to synthesize glucose (in solid form) and oxygen (in gaseous form). Group 17 – Halogens The elements in red are the reactants, while those in blue are the products. Group 18 – Noble gases Types of Reactions Biochemical Reactions The products formed will depend on the New compounds are formed through a type of reaction occurring. Generally speaking, chemical reaction. To understand how the there are four (4) main types of chemical reaction took place, a chemical equation is reactions: written to see which elements were transformed and affected. Composition/Synthesis Reactions In writing a chemical equation, the These are reactions where multiple reactants are written on the left-hand side, reactants, such as element A and B, 05 Handout 3 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 2  SH1909 interact with each other to form element a DEFINITIONS BOX single product, compound AB. Energy is required for composition reactions to occur. Carbon Biochemistry Ionic Covalent The general formula for composition Hydrogen bonds IUPAC reactions is: A + B = AB. Cation Anion Products Reactants 𝑁𝑎(𝑙) + 𝐶𝑙(𝑙) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑔) Composition Decomposition Displacement Oxidation Equation 1.1 Example of a Composition Reaction Reduction Used in various industries, salt (NaCl) is a common example of a composition reaction. The elements sodium and chlorine are present in both liquid forms when they interact. Once they interact, they form salt in an aqueous References solution. Salt farms, such as those seen in Pampanga or Hoefnagels, M. (2016). General biology books I and Parañaque, use this to create salt. As the salt farm dries, II. Quezon City: McGraw-Hill Education. the salt suspended in the aqueous solution is left behind Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., & Singer, S. R. (2017). while the water evaporates. Biology (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Tro, N. J. & Au-Yeung, H. Y. (2015). Introductory Decomposition Reactions chemistry. Singapore: Pearson Education These are reactions where one (1) Limited. compound undergoes changes due to an external factor that initiates the reaction (temperature, Ph). It is broken down into its constituents and releases energy as the bonds are broken. 𝐻2 𝑂2 (𝑙) → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) Equation 2.0 Sample Chemical Equation Hydrogen peroxide is used as a disinfectant for minor wounds and is usually stored in a tinted bottle. This is to prevent the compound to decompose into water (H2O) and air (O2). Displacement Reactions These are reactions where the reactants are have more than one (1) element, such as element A and BC, interact with each other by swapping one (1) of the elements. The general formula for composition reactions is: A + BC = AB + C. Reduction-Oxidation (Red-Ox) Reactions 05 Handout 3 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 2