Science, Technology & Society Finals Reviewer 2024 PDF

LECTURE NOTES: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY (FINALS REVIEWER 2024 Read and ANALYZE each statement/question carefully. Multiple Choice: Choose and shade the box/letter of the BEST answer. 1. Genetic Disorders: a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual’s DNA. 2. Vector: an or...

LECTURE NOTES: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY (FINALS REVIEWER 2024 Read and ANALYZE each statement/question carefully. Multiple Choice: Choose and shade the box/letter of the BEST answer. 1. Genetic Disorders: a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual’s DNA. 2. Vector: an organism that does not cause disease itself, but which carry the DNA from one host to another. An insect or animal that carries a disease from one animal or plant to another: 3. Plasmid: a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. 4. Cloning: cloning describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity. Cloning: the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism. 5. Germline Gene Therapy: therapy that involves modification of the genes inside germ cells (sperm or ova). During reproduction, these gametes fuse to form a zygote, which would divide and pass on the modified gene into all other cells of the body during the development of offspring. 6. Somatic Gene Therapy: therapy that involves insertion of therapeutic DNA into body cells and not germ cells or gametes. This means any effects of the therapy are confined to the individual being treated and are not inherited by future offspring. 7. Vector: an organism that does not cause disease itself, but which carry the DNA from one host to another. 8. Best describes the information age: A period characterized by the widespread use of computers and the internet for the creation, Distribution, and consumption of information. 9. Information age is also known as: Digital Age 10. Technology that revolutionized communication during the information age by allowing the rapid transmission of data over long distances: Internet 11. The following are characteristics of the information age: A widespread use of computers and the internet, Rapid globalization and interconnectedness, Digitalization of information and service 12. Scientist who invented mechanical printing press: Johann Gutenberg 13. Plant material where Egyptian paper is made of: papyrus reeds 14. From the etymology of the word technology, it means comes: Applied arts 15. These type of robots: domestic servant robot, automated wheelchair, and personal mobility assist robot are: Personal service robot 16. Which of the following is correctly paired: 1926 : First integrated circuit, 1984: Apple Macintosh computer 17. Robert Harris entitled “Truths of Information Age”, which demonstrates “the media sells what the culture buys” Example: Showing the live telecast of Miss Universe 2023 across social media and video – sharing applications 18. Golden Retriever, Poodle, great Dane or Chihuahua is a representation of: genetic diversity 19. Living thing classified as producers and able to produce oxygen: plants 20. Variety of all forms of life that can be found on Earth: biodiversity 21. Forest, Desert, grassland are examples of: Ecological diversity 22. The following sentences are true with biodiversity: A larger number of plants species means greater variety of crops, Ecological diversity helps species adjust to changes in environment, Healthy ecosystem can better withstand and recover from a variety of disasters. 23. Bt in Bt corn and Bt eggplant refers to: Bacillus thuringiensis 24. Refers to the inserted genes to be modified organism: transgenes 25. What is GMO: An organism that has had its genetic engineering techniques. 26. Main reasons for GMOs: To increase the nutritional value of crops 27. Main concerns regarding genetically modified organisms(GMO)? The Potential harm to human health and the environment 28. Method is primarily used to treat disease-causing genetic variations that are passed down from parents to their children: Germline Gene Therapy 29. Gene therapy is: A medical treatment that involves modifying a person’s genes to treat or prevent disease 30. Gene therapy works by: replacing faulty genes with healthy ones or by introducing new genes into the body 31. Insertion of genes directly into the cells of the patient while the cells remain in the patient's body. In Vivo 32. Variation in Genes enables different species to adapt to challenges such as environmental conditions, shrinking habitats, new diseases, and helps them to survive in future. 33. Conservation of biodiversity is important for: All organisms 34. Nanotechnology discussed for the first time: 1959 35. Advantage of nanotechnology: lowers costs, produces stronger and lighter wind turbines, improves fuel efficiency and, thanks to the thermal insulation of some nanocomponents, can save energy 36. Ethical Matrix: Ben Mepham; Three Laws of Robotics: Isaac Asimov 37. First country that developed service robots: Japan, USA 38. Scientists are developing new ways to create new varieties of crops and animals using a process called: Genome Editing 39. Father of Information theory: Claude E. Shannon 40. Major cause in the decrease of wildlife globally: Increase in the human population 41. Term that encompasses all kinds of life forms, from single – celled organisms to the largest multi – celled organisms: Biodiversity 42. The larger number of different species in a certain area means: It can be a predictor of sustainable life in that area. 43. The major threats to biodiversity were identified by the WHO’s United Nations’ Environment Program: Habitat loss and destruction, Overexploitation, Pollution and contamination, invasive species, and climate change. 44. Author of the science fiction novel Dragon’s Island and coined the term in 1951: Genetic engineering 45. The Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health (CEEH) identified roles of GMOs in the food and agricultural industries: Pest resistance, Virus resistance, Herbicide tolerance, Fortification, Cosmetic preservation, Increase growth rate, 46. The following are correctly paired? Electron microscope: Ruska & Knoll, Atomic force microscope: Binig, Quate & Gerber, Scanning tunneling microscope: Binig & Rohrer, Compound microscope: Zacharias Janssen 47. Anthropogenic cause of climate change: Industrialization, pollution, deforestation, urbanization, building dams, Burning fossil fuels, etc., 48. Change in the statistical distribution of weather pattern that lasts for an extend period time: global warming 49. Greenhouse gas responsible as main driver of global warming: carbon dioxide 50. Term used to describe the process by which the Earth’s atmosphere traps heat and keeps the planet warm: Greenhouse effect 51. The following are renewable energy source that can help mitigate climate change: solar power, Wind power, Hydropower 52. Substances in air high enough to be considered hazardous in human health: Air pollutants 53. The most abundant gas in the atmosphere: Nitrogen 54. Biodiversity: refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, and can encompass the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life. 55. Niche: the physical environment to which a species has become adapted as well as its role as producer and consumer of food resources. 56. Habitat: the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism. the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives and grows. 57. Pollution: the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects. Pollution, addition of any substance or form of energy to the environment at a rate faster than it can be dispersed or stored in a harmless form. 58. HIV: (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other. HIV: it attacks immune cells called CD4 cells. 59. AIDS: is a disease that can develop in people with HIV. It's the most advanced stage of HIV. AIDS is the most advanced stage of infection caused by HIV. 60. Malaria: an intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions. 61. ECOSYSTEM: it is a community or group of living organisms that live in and interact with each other in a specific environment. 62. OSTEOPOROSIS: is a bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both. 63. ROTAVIRUS: is a virus that spreads easily among infants and young children. The virus can cause severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain. 64. Nanotechnology: area of scientific research which focuses on particles too minute to be seen but with impact interacting with other fields of sciences. “nenus”: Latin word of Nano, which means dwarf. 65. NANO World: literally means “small world”. it is the global market for tips for Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 66. AFM: is the defining instrument for the whole field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. 67. Nanometer (nm): is a unit of length equivalent to one billionth (10-9) of a meter. Comparison: sheet of a paper is approximately 100,ooo nm thick; 68. DNA strand is 2.5 nm across; 69. Nanoscale: is about 1 to 100 nanometers; Nanomaterials: minute particles 70. How Nanotechnology impacts human lives: Faster, smaller, and more powerful computers that consume far less power, with longer-lasting batteries; Faster, more functional, and more accurate medical diagnostic equipment. (lab- on-a-chip technology); Nanoparticles in pharmaceutical products improve their absorption within the body and make them easier to deliver, through combination of medical devices. Nanoparticles can also be used to deliver chemotherapy drugs to specific cells, such as cancer cells; Many drink bottles are made from plastic containing nanoclays, which increase resistance to permeation by oxygen, carbon dioxide, and moisture. This help retain carbonation and pressure and increases shelf life by several months; On the medical front, nanosensors can also be used accurately to identify particular cells or substances in the body. 71. Harnessing the immune response: strengthening the body’s existing ability to target and kill CA cells ( patient’s immune cells can improve their ability to find or kill certain forms of CA) 72. Gene therapy to enhance CA treatment: insert genes into CA cells that can make the CA cells more vulnerable to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, therefore, improving effectiveness of these treatments. 73. Blocking the protection of the CA cells: certain CA cells use to survive but can be blocked using gene therapy. For example, a process called apoptosis – refers to the programmed cell death of CA cells if it contains DNA that is damaged and beyond repair – ensure that the CA cells do in fact die rather than survive. 74. Pro-drug gene therapy: insertion of genes into CA cells that allow conversion of an inactive drug called a pro-drug into active form. The pro-drug does not harm normal cells and only reaches CA cells, where it is activated by the gene to become destructive. 75. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO): A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Genetic modification involves the mutation, insertion, or deletion of genes. 76. Energy: The capacity or power to do work, such as the capacity to move an object (of a given mass) by the application of force. 77. Energy Crisis: refers to any significant decrease in the supply of energy resources to an economy in a certain time and place and has affected electric power supply and fuel machineries and vehicles. 78. Renewable Energy: energy supply that are replenished through natural processes. Renewable resources can be replenished over fairly short spans of time, such as months, years, or decades. 79. Alternative Energy Sources: are the answer to energy crisis. These are the ones which do not cause any undesirable consequences to people and the environment because they are renewable and are free. In the Philippines, renewable energy resources include solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower and biomass. 80. Hydroelectric Energy: potential energy stored in water held in dams made to drive a water turbine and generator which in turn produces electric power called hydroelectric power. 81. Solar Energy: one of the most promising alternative energy sources, which will be available to mankind for centuries to come – an energy that comes directly from the sun. 82. Wind Energy: power of the wind is harnessed to propel the blades of wind turbine attached to electric generator to generate wind energy. Wind energy is an effective alternative source of energy in areas where the velocity of wind flow is high. 83. Geothermal Energy: new alternative energy source harnessed from deep underground chamber with high temperature originating from the earth’s core. Steams produced from these chambers cause turbine to move and later generate energy. 84. Biomass: is energy generated or produced by living or once-living organisms. The most common biomass materials used for energy are plants, such as corn and soy, above. 85. Nuclear Energy: rely on nuclear fusion they bombard or split uranium-235 to lighter elements called plutonium = emit neutrons and produce a tremendous amount of energy. However, the waste products are radioactive and harmful to living creatures. 86. CLIMATE Change: a change in global or regional climate patterns, brought about by the increase of atmospheric temperature. In particular a change apparently attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. 87. Weather: condition of the atmosphere like heat, dryness, sunshine, wind and rain at a given place and at a given time 88. Climate: the weather condition occurring in a region for a longer period of time. 89. Ozone Layer: form of oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each molecule (O3). 90. The greenhouse effect: is a natural warming of both Earth’s lower atmosphere and Earth’s surface from solar radiation being absorbed and emitted by the atmosphere. 91. Global Warming: is a result of increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, global temperatures have increased. This increase in temperature is called global warming. 92. Fossil fuels: are hydrocarbons that may be used as fuel, including coal, oil, and natural gas. These are non-renewable resources. 93. Deforestation: refers to the decrease in forest areas across the world that are lost for other uses such as agricultural croplands, urbanization, or mining activities. 94. Waste segregation: Practicing proper waste segregation in accordance with Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act and proper. "Waste segregation" means dividing waste into dry and wet. 95. Waste recycling: is the method used to convert the waste materials into products which can be reused. Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new, useful products.... 96. Fuel cells: alternative energy devices that use chemical reactions to generate heat or electricity. 97. Biodiversity: The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. 98. An ecosystem: is a community of organisms and their physical environment interacting together. Ecosystems can be large or small 99. Terrestrial Environment: An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment interacting together. Ecosystems can be large or small