Module 1: Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Inorganic Medicinal PDF

MODULE 1 MODULE 1: o Arrange the elements according to atomic number but slightly PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS differ from modern P.T. PERIODIC TABLE...

MODULE 1 MODULE 1: o Arrange the elements according to atomic number but slightly PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS differ from modern P.T. PERIODIC TABLE Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev & Julius Lothar Meyer – also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the o In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev & Julius Lothar Meyer, chemical elements, which ARE ARRANGED by atomic number, electron published the “Periodic Law” in which arrangement of the configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the elements is in the order of their increasing atomic mass. table shows periodic trends o Published periodic table History: Henry Mosely Antoine LavoisIer o made the “Modern Periodic Table” in which arrangement of the o Father of Modern Chemistry; elements is based on their atomic number o published a list of 33 chemical elements. (Oxygen, Sulfur and Hydrogen) Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner o law of triads (Dobereiner’s triad) – related properties; o based on their chemical properties. (strontium, calcium & barium). Leopold Gmelin o worked with this system (Gmelin System), and by 1843 he had identified ten triads, three groups of four, and one group of five. Jean-Baptiste Dumas o published work in 1857 describing relationships between various groups of metals. Ernest Rutherford o Neutron August Kekulé o German chemist August Kekulé had observed in 1858 The periodic table has a total of 7 periods and 18 groups. that carbon has a tendency to bond with other elements in a ratio The columns are called GROUPS/FAMILY of one to four. o Groups are considered the most important method of classifying o Ability of Carbon to bond other 4 elements. (Concept of Benzene) the elements. o Founder of theory of chemical structure o In some groups, the elements have very similar properties and exhibit a clear trend in properties down the group John Newlands o -vertical column o Law of Octaves-wrote a paper in 1863 which classified the 56 o -same valence electron (electron in the outermost shell) established elements into 11 groups based on similar physical - valence shell, which is the most important factor in properties accounting for their similar properties.  The rows of the table are called PERIODS; AUFBAU PRINCIPLE o Period or Series MADELUNG ENERGY ORDERING RULE o horizontal column 1s1 o n=# of shells 2s2, 2p6 3s2, 3p6, 3d10 4s2, 4p6, 4d10, 4f14…… Group Number Group Name Group 1A Alkali Metals Group IB Coinage Metals Group IIA Alkaline Earth Metals Group IIB Zinc Group Metals / Volatile Metals Group IIIA Boron Family Group IIIB Scandium Subgroup Group IV-A Carbon Family Group IV-B Titanium Subgroup Group V-A Nitrogen Family Group V-B Vanadium Subgroup Group VIA Oxygen Family / Chalcogens Group VIB Chromium Subgroup Family A Group VIIA Halogen Family o completely filled s & p subshells of highest energy level Group VIIB Manganese Subgroup o Family A (Representative Elements) Group VIIIA / O Inert Gases / Noble Gases o S & P Blocks Group VIII Iron Triad (Fe, Co, Ni) § The s-block comprises the first two groups (alkali metals Palladium Family (Ru, Rh, Pd) and alkaline earth metals) as well as hydrogen and Platinum Family (Os, Ir, Pt) helium. § The p-block comprises the last six groups which are PERIODIC TABLE PROPERTIES groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC (3A to 8A in American) and 1. Ionization Potential – Energy required to remove an electron to make it contains, among other elements, all of the metalloids. positive. Ionization energy or potential a closely related concept describing the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom Family B or molecule. o incompletely filled d & f subshells 2. Electron Affinity – Energy released when the electron is added to make o Family B (Transition Elements) it negative. Electron Affinity is the property to accept an electron. o D & F Blocks 3. Electronegativity – Ability of an atom to attract an electron to itself. a § The d-block comprises groups 3 to 12 in IUPAC (or 3B to chemical property that describes the ability of an atom (or, more rarely, a 2B in American group numbering) and contains all of the functional group) to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself. transition metals. 4. Atomic Radius – Half of distance between nucleus of 2 atoms. § The f-block, usually offset below the rest of the periodic table, comprises the lanthanides and actinides. **1 to 3 – Decreases from Top to bottom; Increases from left to right GROUP I-A (ALKALI METALS) Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium Valence (+1) o The alkali metals have only one valence electron in their highest- energy orbitals (ns1). In their respective periods, they are the largest elements and have the lowest ionization energies. The valence electron is easily lost, forming an ion with a 1+ charge. Most reactive element / group Stored in inert solvents: KEROSENE COATED WITH PARAFFIN Do NOT occur free in nature Activity ⬆ with atomic number Alkalinity ⬆ with atomic number Degree of solvation ⬇ with atomic number Reactivity increases with increasing atomic weight The reactivity of the Group I metals INCREASES down the group as the outer electron gets further from the nucleus & becomes easier to remove. Salts are soluble – Salts of the Group 1A elements tend to be extremely soluble in water These are (except for hydrogen) soft, shiny, low-melting, highly reactive metals, which tarnish when exposed to air. Because the alkali metals are very reactive, they are seldom (if ever) found in their elemental form in nature, and are usually found as ionic compounds (except for hydrogen). The alkali metals are solids at room temperature (except for hydrogen), but have fairly low melting points: lithium melts at 181ºC, sodium at 98ºC, potassium at 63ºC, rubidium at 39ºC, and cesium at 28ºC. They are also relatively soft metals: sodium and potassium can be cut with a butter knife. Because the alkali metal ions are relatively large (compared to other ions from the same period), their charges densities are low, and they are easily separated from their anions and solvated by polar solvents like water. REACTIONS The alkali metals react with WATER to form METAL HYDROXIDES Alkali metals react with OXYGEN to form METAL OXIDES Alkali metals react with HALOGENS to form IONIC SALTS  ISOTOPES (Atoms of same element having the same atomic number but different atomic mass.) o Protium – most abundant § contains one proton in its nucleus, and is by far the most common form of hydrogen (99.985% of all the world's hydrogen). o Deuterium – heavy water; manufacture of batteries § contains one proton and one neutron in its nucleus, and comprises the remaining 0.015% of the world's naturally- occurring hydrogen. § Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey. § Heavy water is used as a neutron moderator and coolant for nuclear reactors. Deuterium is also a potential fuel for commercial nuclear fusion. § Heavy water is water made from two atoms of deuterium and one atom of oxygen. This form of water is literally heavier than "ordinary" water, since an atom of deuterium is twice as heavy as an atom of "regular" hydrogen. 1. Hydrogen o Tritium – radioactive isotope “Inflammable Air” § contains one proton and two neutrons, and is only found in Discovered by the English chemist Henry Cavendish in 1766; trace amounts; it is produced by the interaction of cosmic Element with no therapeutic uses rays on gases in the upper atmosphere, and in nuclear Lightest element explosions, but since it has a half-life of only 12.3 years, it The most abundant element in the universe (75% by weight, or 88% of does not accumulate in the atmosphere. all of the atoms of the universe); hydrogen and helium together make up § It is radioactive, decaying into helium-3 through beta 99% of the "normal" matter of the universe. decay with a half-life of 12.32 years. It is so radioactive that Essential constituent of all acids. it can be used in luminous paint, Powerful reducing agent § Tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark In the Earth's crust, making it the 10th most abundant element. Oliphant, and Paul Harteck Preparation: Lane Process & Messerschmidt Process: 99% Pure Hydrogen gas is combined with nitrogen in the Haber process to Hydrogen synthesize ammonia (NH3), which is widely used in fertilizers. o Messerschimdt process – This process can produce hydrogen Hydrogen is lighter than air, and was used in balloons and dirigibles (also with 99% purity and is based on the decomposition of superheated known as airships or zeppelins) steam by metallic iron with the subsequent reduction of iron oxides IONS so formed by a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (blue o H+ – monovalent cation; hydronium ion water gas) o H- – hydrides anion o Uses: production of margarine & balloons Monatomic form (H1) is the most abundant chemical substance  COMPOUND IMPORTANT NOTES 2. Lithium Lithium Oxide Flux in ceramic glazes “Earth Stone” (Lithos [Greek] = stone) Lithium Fluoride Manufacture of ceramics Flame test: Carmine red Lithium stearate Cosmetics, in plastics, and as a lubricant in powder Lightest metal metallurgy Uses: Lithium Chloride Manufacture of mineral water, esp. Lithia water o Heat exchanger in air condition Lithium Aluminum Reducing agent, esp. In pharmaceutical and perfume o Antidepressant Hydroxide manufacturing o Diuretic Lithium Hydroxide Absorb carbon dioxide, esp. In spacesuits Lithium is a soft, silvery metal, with a very low density, which reacts Lithium Citrate Bicarbonated drinks vigorously with water, and quickly tarnishes in air. It is found in the Earth's crust at a concentration of 20 ppm, making it the 3. Sodium 31st most abundant element. “Natrium” (Latin), “From Nature” The lithium ion has a very high charge density because of its small size; Flame test: Golden yellow thus, many lithium salts have significant covalent-bonding character, Predominant/Most abundant cation in extracellular fluid instead of being purely ionic Produce osmotic effect in the body. Pharmacology: It is found in the ores o fluid retention o Spodumene [lithium aluminum inosilicate, LiAl(SiO3)2], o respiratory edema formation o Petalite [lithium aluminium tectosilicate, LiAlSi4O10], The CATION OF CHOICE to optimize the pharmaceutical utility of organic o Lepidolite [KLi2Al(Al,Si)3O10(F,OH)2] and medicaments (therapeutic action due to anion, except NaCl) o Amblygonite [(Li,Na)AlPO4(F,OH)]. Sodium is a soft, silvery metal that reacts very vigorously with water, and tarnishes easily in air. It is the fourth most abundant element in the Lithium Compounds Earth's crust o Lithium salts (such as lithium carbonate, Li2CO3) are used in the It is found in the minerals treatment of bipolar disorder and some types of depression, and o halite [rock salt, or sodium chloride, NaCl] and are also used to augment the actions of other antidepressants. o trona [sodium carbonate bicarbonate, Na3(CO3)(HCO3)], and § LiBr (Lithium Bromide) – antidepressant o can be extracted from seawater. § Li2CO3 (Lithium Carbonate) – drug of choice for Bipolar Of the salt that is obtained from these sources, 60% is converted to Disorder (Lithase®, Quilonium-R®, Eskalith®) sodium hydroxide, chlorine, or sodium carbonate; another 20% is used in the food industry as a preservative and flavoring agent, and another 20% o Lithium deuteride (LiD, see entry on Hydrogen above) is used in is used for other applications, such as de-icing roads. hydrogen bombs; neutrons produced by a fission-powered Metallic sodium is usually stored in mineral oil or some other explosive are absorbed by the lithium atoms, transforming them hydrocarbon, because it will react with the moisture in the air to form into tritium; the fusion of tritium and deuterium to form helium sodium hydroxide. releases tremendous amounts of energy. Zinc uranyl acetate, Mg uranyl acetate and cobalt uranyl acetate, forms o Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used in confined spaces to remove insoluble salt with SODIUM carbon dioxide from the air (the carbon dioxide is captured in the the most suitable for the qualitative testing of sodium – Cobalt Uranyl form of lithium carbonate); this is particularly important in Acetate (Source: PACOP PINK 2005) submarines and spacecraft. Sodium Compounds: NaH2PO4 (Monobasic Sodium Phosphate) NaCH3COO (Sodium Acetate) o “Fleet Enema” (Rectal), “Sodium dihydrogen phosphate” o “Acetado de Sosa” § An enema (/ˈɛnəmə/; plural enemata or enemas) is the o Uses: procedure of introducing liquids into the rectum and § Diuretic colon via the anus. The increasing volume of the liquid § Urinary and systemic alkalinizer causes rapid expansion of the lower intestinal tract, often § Antacid resulting in very uncomfortable bloating, cramping, powerful peristalsis, a feeling of extreme urgency and o Tests: complete evacuation of the lower intestinal tract. § Zinc uranyl acetate (ZnUO2(CH3COO)4) o Uses: § Mg uranyl acetate (MgUO2(CH3COO)4) § Cathartic / Laxative – It is used as a laxative and, in § Cobalt uranyl acetate combination with other sodium phosphates, as a pH buffer. § Treatment of Cystitis (Zea mays) – Cystitis is a urinary o Alkalinizing agent in Benedict’s solution bladder inflammation that can result from any one of a § Benedict's reagent is used as a test for the presence number of distinct syndromes. of reducing sugars. § Urinary Acidifier § Benedict's test will detect the presence of aldehydes, § Source of P or Phosphate and alpha-hydroxy-ketones, § Benedict's reagent contains blue copper (II) ions (Cu2+) Methenamine which are reduced to copper(I) ions (Cu+). These o Prodrug are precipitated as red copper(I) oxide which is insoluble in o Active in vivo water. o Acidify by NaH2PO4 § One litre of Benedict's reagent can be prepared from 100 g o Releases HCHO of anhydrous sodium carbonate, 173 g of sodium o Hexamethylenetetramine is a heterocyclic organic compound with citrate and 17.3 g of copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate. It is the formula (CH2)6N4. often used in place of Fehling's solution. o As the mandelic acid salt (generic methenamine mandelate tablets NaHCO3 (Sodium Bicarbonate) NaHSO3 (Sodium Bisulfite) o “Baking Soda”, Sal de Vichy, Soda Saleratus, Sodium hydrogen o “Leucogen” carbonate o Antioxidant (Reducing Agent) o The main ingredient in baking soda, and is used as a leavening o Most powerful preservative agent in the making of bread and other baked goods. o Systemic / Absorbable Antacid Na2CO3 (Sodium Carbonate) o A/E: o Primary standard for acid-base titrations § rebound hyperacidity o Manufacture of “soda lime glass” § systemic alkalosis o Preparation: SOLVAY PROCESS § edema formation o Efflorescence: loss of water of crystallization o Carbonating Agent o Forms: o Effervescence - CO2 release § Na2CO3- anhydrous “Soda Ash”, “Calcined Soda” o CO2 -enhance palatability § Na2CO3 * 2H2O (Sesquihydrate)– Trona, Urao -mask bitter taste § Na2CO3 * 10H2O (Decahydrate) - soda crystals, washing soda, sal soda  o It has been used for centuries in washing clothes (it helps to o Stimulator of bone formation remove highly charged metal cations, such as calcium and magnesium, from hard water) and in the manufacture of glass, NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) paper, and detergents. o “caustic soda”, “sosa”, “lye” o saponifying agent (hard soap) NaCl (Sodium Chloride) o Titrant for acids o “table salt”, “solar salt”, “rock salt” ” sea salt”, sal o Component of soda lime (Ca(OH)2; NaOH, KOH) à CO2 o One of the most important compounds of sodium absorber o USES: o Very deliquescent substance § Electrolyte replenisher (NSS, Lactated Ringer’s soln.) o Readily attack glass § Tonicity adjuster o a strong base; it is used in drain cleaners, and in the manufacture § Condiments of detergents (sodium hydroxide breaks down triglycerides — fats § Preservative and oils such as lard, shortening, olive oil, vegetable oils, etc. — to § Antidote for Silver poisoning produce carboxylate salts that form effective soaps) o In the solid state it is called rock salt, halite, fossil salt & sal gemmae NaPO2H2 (Sodium Hypophosphite) o Ringer’s Injection - NaCl, KCl, & CaCl o reducing agent Na3C6H5O3 (Sodium citrate) NaOCl (Sodium Hypochlorite) o USES: o “Dakin’s solution” (Chlorox [5% NaOCl] § Alkalinizer o Bleaching agent § Buffer o Disinfectant § Diuretic o Oxidizing agent § Expectorant o Household bleach: 4.5 to 5% NaOCl § Sequestering agent (Benedict’s rgt) o Diluted Dakin’s Solution § Shortens coagulation of blood o Labarraque’s Solution- 2.5% NaOCl (oxidizing and bleaching ü Anticoagulant in vitro (Sodium citrate is the agent) ANTICOAGULANT OF CHOICE for most routine § Disinfectant coagulation studies (Harr, 2007) § Bleaching agent ü Pro-coagulant in vivo o Diluted NaOCl o Denige’s test - specific test for citrate § (modified dakin’s solution) § Denige’s Test-pyridine & acetic anhydride: carmine red § Diluted NaOCl-0.5% NaOCl solution § Irrigating solution (wash) § Denigè’s Reagent. Mix 5 g of yellow mercuric oxide with 40 § Antiseptic on pus forming wounds mL of water, and while stirring slowly add 20 mL of sulfuric § Disadvantage: it dissolves certain types of sutures & of acid, then add another 40 mL of water, and stir until dissolving blood clots & prolonging clotting time-may cause completely dissolved (2). secondary hemorrhage NaF (Sodium Fluoride) NaI (Sodium Iodide) o FIRST fluoride compound used in water fluoridation o Expectorant o anti-cariogenic - 2% (4 application) o Solubilizer of I2  o Antifungal o Treatment of Goiter NaNO3 (Sodium Nitrate) o “chile salt peter” “peru saltpeter” Na3C3H5O3 (Sodium Lactate) o Preservative o in the body Converted to HCO3 o Fertilizer (believed to be the oldest known inorganic fertilizer) o Antacid (Management of acidosis) o Manufacture of explosive o Diuretic o Guggenheim process à extraction process from ore o Alkalinizer o Lunge Test – This is considered to be the most sensitive test for o Sodium lactate is used to treat arrhythmias caused by overdosing nitrates which utilizes diphenylamine and sulfuric acid, resulting to of class I antiarrythmics, as well as pressor sympathomimetics blue color at the interface of the two liquids. which can cause hypertension. o In Giess-Ilosvay test, forms a red color with sulphanilic acid-1 o It also can be given intravenously as a source of bicarbonate for naphthylamine reagent preventing or controlling mild to moderate metabolic acidosis in o Nitrates in the presence of nitron reagent gives White precipitate patients with restricted oral intake (for sodium bicarbonate) Na2HPO4 (Dibasic Sodium Phosphate) NaNO2 (Sodium Nitrite) o Na Monohydrogen PO4 o “Salitre (in Philippine Market)” o “Fleet enema” o USES: § Antidote for CN poisoning Na2SO4 (Sodium Sulfate) § Vasodilator o “Glauber’s Salt” “Sal mirabilis” “Sal mirabile” § Preservative o Saline cathartic o CN¯-acts on cytochrome oxidase with high affinity to o Production of detergents and paper pulping (Kraft Process) methemoglobin (than heme) o NaNO2 is highly correlated to brain tumors, and digestive tract Na2C4H4O6 (Sodium Tartrate) cancer (Pszezola, 1998) due to nitrosamine production o 1° standard of Karl Fischer Titration o Na2S2O3 – converts CN¯ methemoglobin to SCN¯ o Karl Fischer reagent consists of iodine, sulfur dioxide, a base and o It is a reagent for conversion of amines into diazocompounds, a solvent, such as alcohol. which are key precursors to many dyes, such as diazo o (+) K à Rochelle salt dyes. Nitroso compounds are produced from nitrites. o Sodium nitrite can be used as part of an intravenous mixture to NaSCN (Sodium Thiocyanate) treat cyanide poisoning. However it has now been made obsolete o hypotensive agent by hydroxocobalamin if this newer medicine is available. Na2S2O3 (Sodium Thiosulfate) CLINICAL CORRELATION o “prismatic rice” Cyanide poisoning o “photographer’s hypo” – In this application to photographic CN Poisoning processing, discovered by John Herschel and used for NaNO2 both film and photographic paper processing, the sodium Amyl nitrite thiosulfate is known as a photographic fixer, and is often referred Sodium thiosulfate to as hypo, from the original chemical name, hyposulphite of soda Others: o Antidote for CN¯ poisoning – It is used as an antidote o Methylene blue to cyanide poisoning. Thiosulfate acts as a sulfur donor for the o Hydroxocobalamin  conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate (which can then be safely Like sodium, metallic potassium is usually stored under mineral oil or excreted in the urine), catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanase. some other hydrocarbon; it can also react with oxygen in dry air to o Standard volumetric solution for iodometry produce potassium superoxide, KO2 o Management of iodine toxicity (converts iodine to harmless iodide) à Treatment of iodinism: NaCl GLASS MODIFICATIONS: Potassium gives glass brown and light resistant Na2S2O5 (Sodium metabisulfite) MnO2: masks blue-green color o “Sodium pyrosulfite” Boron/ Borates: decreases the coefficient of expansion o Water soluble anti-oxidant (REDUCING AGENT) Pb: increase refractive index Other Sodium derivatives Potassium Compounds: o Sodium starch glycolate KCH3COO¯ (Potassium acetate) o Saccharin sodium o Sodium cyclamate KHCO3 (Potassium bicarbonate) o SLS o Sodium stearate KHC4H4O6 (Potassium bitartrate) o Sodium alginate o “cream of tartar”, “creamor” o MSG o “THE ONLY INSOLUBLE POTASSIUM SALT o Sodium nitroprusside(infuse slowly) o Use: laxative / cathartic o Ion exchangers o KC4H5O6, is a byproduct of winemaking. § Cellulose sodium phosphate: binds with calcium o It is the potassium acid salt of tartaric acid § Sodium polystyrene sulfonate: tx of hyperkalemia due to acute kidney infection KBr (Potassium bromide) o Depressant 4. Potassium o Additives in bread “Kalium (Latin)”, “Potash (English)” Flame Test: violet K2CO3 (Potassium carbonate) Most abundant / Predominant intracellular cation o “potash”, is used in the manufacture of glass. Pharmacology: o Potassium superoxide, KO2, reacts with carbon dioxide to o Diuretic produce potassium carbonate and oxygen gas; it is used in o muscle contraction rebreathers and respiration equipment to generate oxygen, and is Deficiency: Hypokalemia – can cause muscular paralysis lead to death also used in mines, submarines, and spacecraft. Toxicity: Hyperkalemia – cardiac arrest Potassium is a soft, silvery metal that reacts extremely vigorously with KClO3 (Potassium chlorate) water, and tarnishes rapidly in air. o component of toothpaste, gargles mouth washes due to its A compound found in high concentrations in wood ashes. oxidizing cleaning, deodorant action. Potassium is the 8th most abundant element in the Earth's crust (2.1%). o KClO3, is a very powerful oxidizer (oxidizing agent), and is used in The main ores in which potassium is found are sylvite [potassium match heads and fireworks. chloride, KCl], carnallite [KMgCl3·6H2O], and alunite [KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6]. o Potassium chlorate was one key ingredient in early firearms percussion caps (primers).  KCl (Potassium chloride) o “Kalium Durules®” KMnO4 (Potassium permanganate) o Electrolyte replenisher (slow IV drip) o “mineral chameleon” o Source of potassium o Oxidizing agent o IMPORTANT NOTE: Never give by rapid IV push o Antiseptic (1:5000) o Toxicity: Hyperkalemia o Volumetric solution in permanganometry o ANTIDOTE: Insulin, NaHCO3 o KMnO4 à valence of Manganese? o Intravenously, this is reduced to just over 30 mg/kg, but of o In Permanganometry, what indicator? more concern are its severe effects on the cardiac muscles: high o Conc. KMnO4-deep violet red doses can cause cardiac arrest and rapid death, thus the o Diluted KMnO4-pink aforementioned use as the third and final drug delivered in the o Wet Dressings (1:10,000) used in vesicular stage of eczema, lethal injection process. athlete’s foot o Potassium chloride, KCl, is used in salt substitutes (mixed with sodium chloride to improve its flavor), and in fertilizers KH2PO4 (Potassium dihydrogen phosphate) K3C6H5O7 (Potassium citrate) K2HPO4 (Potassium phosphate / Dibasic Potassium phosphate) o Diuretic o Cathartic o Expectorant o Diaphoretic KNaC4H4O6 (Potassium sodium tartrate) o “Rochelle’s salt”, “Siegnette salt” “Sal signette” KOH (Potassium hydroxide) o sequestering agent, cathartic o “caustic potash”, “lye potash” § Sequestering Agent-A substance that removes a metal ion o Saponifying agent (“Saponification value”) from a solution system by forming a complex ion that does o Used in making soaps and detergents. not have the chemical reactions of the ion that is removed; o HARD SOAP was made using soda; SOFT SOAP with potash. can be a chelating or a complexing agent. o Citrate vs Tartrate: Denige’s reagent KI (Potassium iodide) o It has also been used in the process of silvering mirrors. o Same as sodium iodide o It is an ingredient of Fehling's solution, formerly used in the o Expectorant determination of reducing sugars in solutions. o Solubilizer in I2 o Component of many reagents KSCN (Potassium thiocyanate) § WAGNER’S = Iodine- Potassium Iodide o Hypotensive agent § MAYER’S /VALSER’S REAGENT = Potassium Mercuric Iodide K2Sx K2S2O3 (Sulfurated Potash) § DRAGENDORFF’S/ KRAUTS RGT = Potassium Iodide + o “Liver of Sulfur” “Heparis sulfur” Bismuth Nitrate o mixture of potassium polysulfides and potassium thiosulfate o use in preparation of white lotion KNO3 (Potassium nitrate) o Contains 12% sulfur o “salitre”, “saltpeter” “sal prunelle” o Treatment of parasitic infection and acne o Diuretic o With zinc sulfate à anti-psoriasis o Meat preservative o White Lotion – with ZnSO4 and ZnS o a powerful oxidizer, and is one of the ingredients of gunpowder.  Darrow’s Solution o Expectorant o Oral glucose and electrolyte solution o Increases the body secretion § KCl (1.5 mg) o Electrolyte for voltaic batteries § NaCl (2 mg) § Na citrate (2.5 mg) HgNH2Cl (Ammoniated Mercury) § Glucose (25mg) o “White Precipitate” § Water for injection o Topical anti-infective 5. Ammonium NH4I (Ammonium iodide) NH4⁺ o Source of iodine ONLY hypothetical alkali metal o Expectorant It is formed by the protonation of ammonia (NH3). o Antifungal 37% by weight of NH3 Pharmacology: NH4CH3COO (Ammonium acetate) o Diuretics o spirit of mindererus o Buffer o Styptic o Expectorant o Anti-cariogenic 16 Degrees Ammonia Haber’s Process - method of preparation o Degree Baume Household NH3, NH3 H2O, dil. NH3 sol’n (10%) o 10% NH3 Acetic acid- 6% Household ammonia - circulatory stimulant, counterirritant 6. Cesium Nessler's reagent definition, an aqueous solution of potassium iodide, catalyst in polymerization of resin forming materials. mercuric chloride, and potassium hydroxide, used as a test for the The name is derived from the Latin word caesius, which means "sky presence of ammonia. blue," because salts of cesium produce a blue color when heated. First element discovered using spectroscope Ammonium compounds: Spectral line: BLUE (NH4)2CO3 (Ammonium carbonate) Cesium (also spelled as "caesium") is silvery-gold colored metal, which o “Sal Volatile” “Salt of Hartshorn” “Preston’s salt” “Baker’s melts at 28ºC (82ºF) Ammonia” Cesium - is the most reactive metal o Preparation of aromatic NH3 spirit Because cesium is a very large atom, the outermost electron is lost very o Uses: easily, and the process is extremely exothermic. § Expectorant (Ammonium) Cesium is found in the Earth's crust at a concentration of 3 ppm, making it § Antacid (Carbonate) the 46th most abundant element. § Respiratory stimulant The main ore of cesium is pollucite [CsAlSi2O6]; the refining of pure o Aromatic NH3- “Spirit of Hartshorn” cesium is made even more difficult by the presence of trace amounts of rubidium in the ore, which is chemically very similar to cesium and thus NH4Cl (Ammonium chloride) difficult to separate. o “Muriate of Hartshorn” Sal Ammoniac, Salmiac Because cesium is so reactive, it is used as a "getter" to remove all traces o Urinary acidifier of other gases from vacuum chambers, cathode ray tubes, and vacuum o Diuretic tubes.  Cesium is used in atomic clocks. GROUP I-B (COINAGE METAL) Radioactive cesium-137 is produced in the testing of nuclear weapons, Copper, Silver, Gold and in nuclear power plants; the explosion at the Chernobyl power plant Employed for ornamental and coinage purposes in 1986 released large amounts of cesium-137, which contaminated a Properties: great deal of Western Europe o Free metal state o Readily act as central unit of complexes / chelates. 7. Rubidium o Very malleable Spectral line: RED § MALLEABLE: capable of being extended or shaped by used in the manufacture of vacuum tubes and cathode ray tubes (CRTs), beating with a hammer or by the pressure of rollers and is used in some atomic clocks. o Easy to recover from ore Rubidium is a soft, white metal; it is similar to sodium and potassium in its They are low in the electromotive series and hence are not chemically reaction with water, but the reaction is even more violently exothermic. active Its name is derived from the Latin word for deep red (ruby), rubidius. Chemical activity decreases as the atomic weight increases It is found in the Earth's crust at a concentration of 90 ppm, making it the All of them form complex anions 22nd most abundant element. It is not found in any unique minerals, but is present in trace amounts in 1. Copper lepidolite, pollucite, carnallite, zinnwaldite, and leucite. “Cuprum” In flame tests, rubidium salts produce a reddish-violet color, and are Cu+ (brown); Cu+2 (blue) sometimes used in fireworks. only REDDISH color metal 3rd malleable, 3rd best conductor of electricity 8. Francium use in H2O purification Due to its instability and rarity, there are no commercial applications for occurs in respiratory pigment – hemocyanin, and cytochrome oxidase francium. Alloys- solution of 2 or more metals Francium is an extremely rare, radioactive metal. Its is named for France, o Brass – Cu + Zn the country in which it was first isolated. o Bronze – Cu + Sn It is found in the Earth's crust only in trace amounts, and is one of the A respiratory pigment is a molecule, such as hemoglobin in humans, least abundant elements on the Earth. that increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Traces of it are found in uranium ores, where it is produced in the decay hemoglobin, hemocyanin, hemerythrin and chlorocruorin. series of uranium-235; there is probably only about 20 to 30 grams of Hemoglobin is bright red when oxygenated, and dark red(purplish) naturally-occurring francium in the entire Earth. when deoxygenated, All of the isotopes of francium are radioactive, and most have half-lives of oxygenated hemocyanin is blue in color, deoxygenated is almost less than five minutes; the longest-lived isotope (francium-223) has a half- colorless. life of 21.8 minutes. Oxygenated chlorocruorin turns from green to red where Francium-exists only as unstable radioactive species oxygenated hemerythrin is a violet to pink color, and colorless when It was formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K. It is one of the two deoxygenated. least electronegative elements, the other being caesium. Francium is a CYTOCHROME OXIDASE A highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon. As TYROSINASE an alkali metal, it has one valence electron. Francium was discovered by Marguerite Perey in France (from which the Pharmacology: element takes its name) in 1939. o protein precipitant (astringent, antiseptic) Francium is the most unstable of the naturally occurring elements o enhance absorption / physiological utilization of iron  Wilson’s Disease: Copper poisoning Violet phosphorus is a form of phosphorus that can be produced by Antidote: Penicillamine day-long annealing of red phosphorus above 550 °C. o Penicillamine is a pharmaceutical of the chelator class. It is sold Black phosphorus is the least reactive allotrope and the under the trade names of Cuprimine and Depen. The thermodynamically stable form below 550 °C. It is also known as β- pharmaceutical form is D-penicillamine, as L-penicillamine is toxic metallic phosphorus and has a structure somewhat resembling that (it inhibits the action of pyridoxine). It is a metabolite of penicillin, of graphite. although it has no antibiotic properties Copper compounds: CuSO4 + Ca(OH)2 CuSO4 (Cupric sulfate) o “Bordeaux Mixture” o “blue stone”, “blue vitriol” “Roman Vitriol” “Salzburg Vitriol” o Bordeaux mixture (also called Bordo Mix) is a mixture of copper(II) o Use in preparation of Benedict’s, Fehling’s, Barfoed’s (for reducing sulfate (CuSO4) and slaked lime used as a fungicide in vineyards. sugar) § Fehling's solution is a chemical test used to differentiate [Cu3(AsO3)2 Cu(C2H3O2)2] (Copper Aceto Arsenate) between water-soluble carbohydrate and ketone functional o “Paris green” (insecticide) groups, and as a test for monosaccharides. § Fehling's A is a blue aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate, [(Cu)3(C6H5O7)3] Cuprous citrate while Fehling's B is a clear solution of aqueous potassium o Hatchett’s brown sodium tartrate (also known as Rochelle salt) and a strong o Astringent (8%) alkali (commonly sodium hydroxide). § Barfoed's Test is a chemical test used for detecting the Cupric Hydrogen Arsenite presence of monosaccharides. It is based on the reduction o “Scheele’s Green” of copper (II) acetate to copper(I) oxide (Cu2O), which forms a brick-red precipitate. 2. Silver § Barfoed's reagent consists of a 0.33 molar solution of “Argentum” “shining” or “bright” neutral copper acetate in 1% acetic acid solution. only metal with oligodynamic action o Antidote for phosphorus poisoning protein precipitant o Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture 2nd most malleable metal; 2nd best conductor of electricity o Cu ⁺2- Cu2O (+) brick red precipitate Oligodynamic Action - ability of metal to inhibit growth of o local emetic microorganism. o combine with iron for hematinic property o algicide and fungicide in swimming pool Toxicity: Argyria- darkening of skin Antidote: NaCl (Ag + NaCl à AgCl), NSS Phosphorus Poisoning luminous vomiting Silver compounds: AgNO3 (Silver nitrate) garlic odor Phosphorus Types: o “Lapiz Infernularis” “Lunar Caustic” “Indelible Ink” “Caustic Pencil” o Pharmacology: White Phosphorus-This P4 tetrahedron is also present in liquid and § treatment of warts gaseous phosphorus up to the temperature of 800 °C when it starts § antiseptic for eye of baby with gonorrheal mother decomposing to P2 molecules o 1% for ophthalmia neonatorum Red phosphorus may be formed by heating white phosphorus to o 0.5% for wet dressing in wounds (and 3rd degree burn) 250 °C (482 °F) or by exposing white phosphorus to sunlight  Selenic acid is the chemical compound with the formula H2SeO4. It is Ag(NH3)2NO3 (Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate) an oxoacid of selenium, and its structure is more accurately described as o “Howe’s Solution” (HO)2SeO2. Only SINGLE acid that can dissolve gold. o Dental protective and desensitizing agent o Tollen’s Reagent = (+) silver mirror GROUP II-A (ALKALINE EARTH METALS) § Tollens' reagent is a chemical reagent most commonly Beryllium - least metallic used to determine whether a known carbonyl-containing Magnesium - only metal compound is an aldehyde or a ketone. It is usually Calcium, Strontium & Barium-reactive ammoniacal silver nitrate, but can also be other mixtures, Chemical activities increase as the atomic radius increases as long as aqueous diamminesilver (I) complex is present Bearded Muggers Came Straight Back Rapidly. – Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra AgI (Silver iodide) o Germicide Silver Proteinates o Mild Ag Protein - “Argyrol” § 19-25% antiseptic § Eye antiseptic, for vaginitis o Strong Ag protein - “Protargol” § 7.5-8.5% § germicide for ears & throat o Colloidal Ag protein - “Collargol” § 18-22% § general germicide o Colloidal Silver Chloride – “Lunosol” § Silver protein stabilizer: Disodium EDTA 3. Gold “Aurum” “Shining dawn” “King of all metals” Most malleable & ductile Best conductor of electricity Gold Preparations used in treatment of arthritis: o Aurothioglucose o Gold Sodium Thiomalate o Auranofin 1. Beryllium The application of gold compounds to medicine is called "chrysotherapy" Extremely toxic metal - Never employed in medicine because it is the and "aurotherapy. most toxic metal Auranofin, in capsule form for oral administration, is marketed under the Use in fluorescent lighting industry brand name Ridaura. Sodium aurothiomalate (Gold sodium thiomalate as Can cause lung carcinoma, chronic granuloma brands Myocrisin UK, Aurolateor or Myochrysine U.S.) and Alloyed with copper aurothioglucose (Solganal in U.S.) are administered by injection. Source; Beryl & Bertrandite Aqua Regia (Royal Water) – Composed of 3HCl : 1 HNO3; dissolves gold 2. Magnesium o USES: Lightest of all structurally important metals § Cathartic (PO) / Laxative 2nd most abundant intracellular cation § Anti-convulsant (IM) 9th most abundant element in the universe § Pre-eclampsia triad Metal present in chlorophyll (Significance: Photosynthesis) ü HPN, Proteinuria, Edema SOURCES: ü begins 20 weeks on pregnant women. o Silicates - talc, asbestos § Eclampsia o Carbonates – magnesite, dolomite ü Triad + Seizure o Sulfates - Keiserite ü the new onset of seizures or coma in a pregnant Present in Grignard’s Reagent (RMgX) woman with preeclampsia o An example of the Grignard reaction is a key step in the industrial § Antidote for Ba2+, Barbiturate poisoning production of Tamoxifen § Anti-phlogistic (Reducing inflammation or fever; anti- o The Grignard reagent is represented as R-Mg-X, where inflammatory) o R = alkyl / aryl / alkenyl / allyl group o X = Cl / Br / I MgCO3 (Magnesium carbonate) o A typical Grignard reagent might be CH3CH2MgBr. o “Magnesia” “Dolomite” Pharmacology: o USES: o Laxative § Antacid o Depressant § Carbonating agent o Natural Ca++ channel blocker § Laxative Ca Gluconate – Antidote for Magnesium poisoning Natural Sources: Mg(OH)2 (Magnesium hydroxide) o As silicates: (talc, asbestos) o “Milk of Magnesia” “Magnesia Magma” o As CO3 ( magnesite, dolomite) o USES: Antacid & Laxative o As SO4 ( kieserite ) o Milk of Amnesia – Propofol o Same as Magnesium carbonate in appearance (milky appearance) IDENTIFICATION TEST FOR MAGNESIUM o Component of Maalox (MgOH2 + AlOH3 + Simethicone) P-nitrobenzene azo resorcinol / Magnesonl in alkaline solution - blue § Side effect: diarrhea à add aluminum hydroxide lake o Type of bottle for dispensing milk of magnesia: BLUE BOTTLE Oxine (8-hydroxyquinoline) - yellow precipitate Diphenylcarbazide reagent - violet-red color MgO (Magnesium oxide) Quinalizarin reagent – blue precipitate (magnesium and beryllium to o “Calcined Magnesia” differentiate them) o Component of universal antidote o Magnesium vs Beryllium à both produces blue precipitate with § (1 part) MgO quinalizarin reagent; addition of bromine water differentiates § (2 parts) Activated charcoal the two. § (1 part) tannic acid Titan yellow - red lake 2MgO 3SiO2 H2O (Magnesium Trisilicate) Magnesium compounds: o Advantage: Protectant MgSO4 (Magnesium sulfate) o Use: Protective coating o “Epsom salt”  3MgO 4SiO2 H2O (Hydrated Magnesium silicate) o “Talc” “Soap Stone” “French Chalk” o softest mineral known o Uses: § filtering aid § clarifying agent § dusting powder to gloves Mg3(C6H5O7)2 (Magnesium citrate) o “Lemonada Purgante” “Purgative lemon” o cathartic 3. Calcium 2nd most abundant extracellular cation Flame Test: brick red SOURCES: o Dolomite o Fluoride o Gypsum o Phosphate rock Calciferol (vit D1) Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) or ergocalciferol o Apatite (vitamin D2) Major component of bones & teeth à hydroxyapatite In the liver vitamin D is converted to calcidiol, which is also known as Vitamin D calcifediol (INN), 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D— o Sunshine vitamin abbreviated 25(OH)D o Needed for Maximum Absorption of calcium Pharmacologic action Calcium compounds: o Blood coagulation factor CaBr2 (Calcium bromide) o Important muscle contraction o Sedative –depressant o Important release of neurotransmitter o Primary element of bones and teeth, (98-99%) CaCO3 (Calcium carbonate) DEFICIENCY: o precipitated chalk, prepared chalk o Osteoporosis: most common bone disorder; defective bone o Ingredients for dentrifice & toothpaste resorption o Calcite, Marble, Limestone o Osteomalacia: defective bone mineralization in ADULT o Rickets: defective bone mineralization in CHILDREN CaCl2 (Calcium chloride) o Hypocalcemia o muriate of lime o Capsebon-electrolyte replenisher o Calcium replenisher o Disadvantage: There is an irritation when administered intravenously. Instead of using calcium chloride, they used calcium gluconate or calcium lactate.  o USE: Ca (OH)2 (Calcium Hydroxide) § Rodenticide o “Slaked Lime” “Milk of Lime” “Calcium hydrate” § preparations of dental impressions and surgical cast o Slaking the process of adding a limited amount of water to lime o Uses: Ca(OCl)2 (Calcium hypochlorite) § Antacid o Chlorinated Lime, Chloride of Lime § saponifying agent o Uses: Disinfectant and Bleaching agent § prevention of milk curdling à promoting digestability of the milk 4. Strontium Flame Test: Crimson Red C12H22CaO14 (Calcium Gluconate) Use in production of red pyrotechnics (manufacture of flares (red o Antidote in Magnesium Poisoning fireworks)) o Ca++ supplement and replenisher Radioactive strontium is used as bone scanner Strontium has an affinity for bones and useful in studying bone lesions Ca(C3H5O3)2 (Calcium Lactate) o Ca++ supplement and replenisher Strontium compounds: SrCl2 (Strontium chloride) Calcium biphosphate o Temperature desensitizing agent o Source of calcium and phosphate o Active ingredients in Sensodyne™ toothpaste o ADR: darkens the teeth CaO (Calcium oxide) o “Lime” “Quick Lime” “Calx” 5. Barium o Component of Bordeaux mixture “Heavy” o Insecticide (preparations of various insecticides) Flame Test: yellow green Use in green Pyrotechnics (green flares) CaHPO4.2H2O (Dibasic Calcium phosphate) Toxicity: Baritosis o Ca ++ supplement (Recommended calcium salt as electrolyte Antidote: Magnesium sulfate replenisher) o Antacid Barium compounds: BaSO4 (Barium sulfate) Ca3(PO4)2 (Tribasic Calcium phosphate) o “Barium Meal” o “Bone ash” Calcium phosphate o Radiopaque medium for GIT imaging o Antacid o Doesn’t dissociate in the GIT CaOCl (Calcium chlorate) Ba(OH)2 (Barium hydroxide) o Chlorinated lime, Chloride of lime o CO2 absorber o Bleaching agent & Disinfectant 6. Radium CaSO4 (Calcium sulfate) Discovered by Marie Curie o CaSO4. ½H2O “Plaster of Paris” (hemihydrate form) Radioactive element used for: o CaSO4. 2 H2O “Gypsum” (dihydrate form) o Cancer chemotherapy § Terra alba  o Diagnostic purposes the preparations does not bind dithizone, and is therefore not Measurement: Becquerel (SI unit) stained Board Question: What is the FIRST radioactive element discovered by Deficiency: curie? POLONIUM. o Anemia and hypogonadism in male o Stunted growth GROUP II-B (VOLATILE METALS OR ZINC FAMILY) Parakeratosis Property: o Thickened inflamed skin. Parakeratosis is a mode of keratinization o Exhibit auto complexation characterized by the retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum. o Only zinc is amphoteric Parakeratosis is seen in the plaques of psoriasis. Exist in divalent ion except Mercury o Psoriasis & Dandruff They react with halogen, oxygen, nitric acid and other common oxidizing Antidote: NaHCO3 agent and they exhibit auto-complexation because they readily form complex ions. Zinc compounds: They are used in preparation of alloys ZnCl2 (Zinc chloride) Zn & Cd-soft metals o Burnet’s disinfecting fluid, Butter of Zinc Hg-liquid at room temperature o Component of Lucas reagent They are sometimes called as the “TERMINAL ELEMENTS” o Antiseptic in mouthwashes (Bactidol, Astring-osol – Original formula) 1. Zinc o Escharrotic Rinmann’s Green Test o Uses: o Cobalt green, also sometimes known as Rinman's green or Zinc § Disinfectant/Antiseptic Green, is a translucent green pigment made by mixing cobalt (II) § Dentin desensitizer oxide and zinc oxide § corrosive Metal present in insulin o Dentin, also spelled dentine, in anatomy, the yellowish tissue that makes up the bulk of all teeth. It is harder than bone but softer Constituent of carbonic anhydrase enzyme than enamel and consists mainly of apatite crystals of calcium and Most zinc is in the brain, muscle, bones, kidney and liver, with the highest phosphate. concentrations in the prostate and parts of the eye; Semen is particulary rich in Zn, which is a key factor in prostate gland function and ZnO (Zinc oxide) reproductive organ growth o “Zinc White” Flowers of Zinc Container for batteries & dry cell o Lassar’s paste Coating for galvanized iron o Component of Calamine lotion Pharmacology: astringent, antiseptic, protectant, antiperspirant § Zinc carbonate 15% The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc § Zinc oxide 5% sulfide mineral. § Glycerin 5% Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, § Water 75% Dithizone test for zinc forms = (+) red color extract § Ferric oxide 0.5% (causes pink coloration of calamine o Dithizone is used to assess the purity of human pancreatic islet lotion) preparations used for transplantation into patients with type 1 o Uses: Antiseptic, protective, astringent diabetes. Dithizone binds zinc ions present in the islet's beta cells, o Diaper rash preparations or creams are available in the market and therefore stains the islets red. Exocrine tissue also present in that have percentage of zinc oxide can be used as protectant.  ZnSO4.7H2O (Zinc sulfate heptahydrate) result of human activities related to industrialization, and this o “White Vitriol” condition was first recognized in Japan in the 1960s. Itai-itai o Emetic (internal) disease is characterized by Osteomalacia with severe bone pain o Pharmaceutical necessity for white lotion and is associated with renal tubular dysfunction. o Ophthalmic astringent (only FDA approved OTC ophthalmic ANTIDOTE: BAL astringent) à relief of minor eye irritation o Dimercaprol (INN) or British anti-Lewisite (abbreviated BAL) o It is used medically in treatment ZnS (Zinc sulfide) of arsenic, mercury, gold, lead, antimony, and other toxic metal o “White Sulfide” (the only white sulfide) poisoning o Component of white lotion Management: Palliative therapy, EDTA immediately given after o Zinc sulfate + Sulfurated potash exposure o Lithopone - 30% ZnS and 70% BaS. o One characteristic of EDTA, once it sees a metal it will bind to it, it o Uses: is considered as unselective substance. § Parasiticide § topical protectant Cadmium compounds: § Antiseptic CdCl2 (Cadmium chloride) o Anti-infective Hydrated Zn Silicate o Emetic o “Natural Calamine” o Treatment of tinea infection o ZnSiO4.1 H20 o Topical protectant CdS (Cadmium sulfide) o “Yellow Sulfide” Caladryl o Component of CapsebonÒ o ZnO+Fe2O3 o Anti-seborrheic o CALADRYL ® CLEAR ® Anti-Itch Lotion. CALADRYL ® CLEAR ® Anti-Itch Lotion is a topical analgesic and skin protectant drug CdSO4 (Cadmium sulfate) product. o Ophthalmic antiseptic Zinc Eugenol Cement 3. Mercury o Dental protectant “Quick Silver”, Liquid Silver, Liquid Metal, Noble Metal “Messenger of Gods” Hydrargyrum 2. Cadmium SOURCE: Cinnabar/Aethrop’s mineral (HgS) Pcol Action: Astringent IONS: Other use: Manufacture of stink bomb o Hg+1 Cadmium induces the synthesis of metallothionein, a protein with a high o Hg+2-toxic binding affinity for cadmium. Use: Manufacture of Thermometer Metallothionein acts to protect certain organs such as testes. AMALGAM - alloys of Hg; Pasta Itai-itai poisoning Pharmacology: o Ouch-Ouch Disease or It hurts-It hurts disease – This happens in o Diuretic JAPAN, in their industry, they inhale vapor of cadmium. It is also a o Antiseptic result of contaminated water that contains cadmium. Itai-itai o Antisyphilitic disease is caused by cadmium (Cd) exposure, produced as a  o Cathartic o Local antiseptic o parasiticidal & fungicidal o Black lotion: calomel + lime water o dental permanent cement Poisoning: HgCl2 (Mercuric chloride) o Minamata disease o Corrosive sublimate § Minamata disease is a methylmercury poisoning with o Disinfectant neurological symptoms and caused by the daily consumption of large quantities of fish and shellfish that HgI (Mercurous iodide) were heavily contaminated with the toxic chemical o Anti-syphilis generated in chemical factories and then discharged into the sea. HgI2 (Mercuric iodide) o Pink Disease o Stimulant for indolent ulcers (An indolent ulcer is a defect in the § Pink disease (infantile acrodynia) was especially prevalent cornea that is unable to heal due to a layer of denatured tissue on in the first half of the 20th century. Primarily attributed to the surface of the eye.) exposure to mercury (Hg) commonly found in teething powders, the condition was developed by approximately 1 K2HgI4 (Potassium Mercuric Iodide) in 500 exposed children. o Mayer’s reagent (Antiseptic component) o Erethism § Test for alkaloids § Erethism is characterized by behavioral changes such as o Nessler’s Reagent irritability, low self-confidence, depression, apathy, shyness and timidity, and in some extreme cases with HgNH2Cl (Ammoniated Mercury) prolonged exposure to mercury vapors, by delirium, o “White Precipitate” personality changes and memory loss. People with o Topical anti-infective erethism often have difficulty with social interactions. o Water soluble mercury o mercury (10-20%) Antidote: o cetyl alcohol (70%) o EDTA o SLS, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, glycerin and water o Na formaldehyde sulfoxylate (Hydrargism) o Albumin – emergency antidote (In emergency cases 1 egg white HgO (Mercuric oxide) in 250mg Hg to induce emesis) o “Yellow Precipitate” o Ophthalmic antiseptic (antibacterial) Board Questions: o All mercury salts are poisonous. The best antidote is SODIUM FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE. o Question: How to remove mercury that falls into cracks? Cover with sulfur Mercury compounds: Hg2Cl2 / HgCl (Mercurous chloride) o Calomel o Cathartic GROUP III-A (BORON FAMILY) The elements in the group are chemically reactive. Boron compounds: BORATES o Turmeric paper o Use in vulcanizing rubber o Acidic solution –brownish red o Alkaline medium-greenish black H3BO3 (Boric acid) o “Boric acid”, “boracic acid”, “sal sedativum” o Toxicity: Lobster appearance § Toxic by ingestion § Absorbed in broken skin o Uses: § Buffer in ophthalmic preparation (2%) § Antiseptic § Tonicity adjusting agent o E-VALUE=0.52 o Eyewash: 2.45% - 2.5% o Boroglycerin glyceride – suppository base o Glycerinated Gelatin is a useful suppository base, particularly for vaginal suppositories Na2B4O7.10H2O (Sodium tetraborate) o Borax 1. Boron o Dobell’s Solution Non-metal § a solution of sodium borate, sodium bicarbonate, phenol, Component of glass (In glass à decreases coefficient of expansion and glycerol, used as an astringent or antiseptic wash for Industrial use: in vulcanizing rubber the throat and nose (C19: named after Horace B. Dobell Flame Test: Green Bordered Flame (1828--1917), British physician) SOURCES: o Use: o Tincal – Na3BO3 § Antiseptic o H3BO3 § Eye wash These are mined industrially as evaporites, such as borax and kernite. § Wet dressing for wounds (Cold Cream) o Component of cold cream and in the preparation of sodium borate Boron is similar to carbon in its capability to form stable covalently bonded preparation. molecular networks. o For determination of boron content in food or materials the Crystalline boron is a very hard, black material with a high melting point colorimetric curcumin method is used. Boron is converted to of above 2000 °C. It exists in four major polymorphs: α, β, γ and T. boric acid or borates and on reaction with curcumin in acidic Rhombohedral, Rhombohedral, Orthorhombic, Tetragonal solution, a red colored boron-chelate complex, rosocyanine, is Hardness of Crystalline Boron – Valuable substitute for diamond in formed glass cutting and gem polishing.  Boromycin AlPO4 (Aluminum phosphate) o First natural product with Boron o “Phosphagel” o Isolated from S. antibioticus o Uses: o Anti-HIV in vitro § Antacid § Astringent 2. Aluminum § Demulcent Most abundant metal o Advantage of AlPO4: Does not interfere the absorption of PO4 3rd abundant element in earth’s crust Thenard’s blue test Al2(CO3)3 (Aluminum carbonate) o Thenard’s Blue (Cobalt Meta-Aluminate)-blue ash o Treatment of phosphatic calculi Abrasive in industries SOURCES: Alum o Cryolite – (Na3AlF6, sodium hexafluoroaluminate) o [AlNH4(SO4)2. 12H2O] –NH4 salt o Chief Source: Bauxite ore o [AlK(SO4)2. s12H2O] –K salt Aluminon, the triammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid, is a dye o Uses: commonly used to detect the presence of the aluminium ion in an § Astringent aqueous solution § Antiperspirant/deodorant Pharmaceutical Uses of Aluminum: o M+2M+32(SO4).24H2O o Astringent § M+is monovalent (Na, K, NH4) o Deodorant § M+3 is trivalent (Al, Tl, Cr or Fe) o Protectant o o Antiseptic o Antiperspirant Al2O3 (Aluminum oxide) Aluminum Foil – Treatment of Burns o Alumina Adverse Effects: Constipation o Treatment of silicosis (fibrosis of the lungs) Toxicity: Shavers disease (A progressive lung disorder caused by exposure to aluminium oxide which is present in bauxite fumes. Aluminum Acetate o Bauxite pneumoconiosis, also known as Shaver's disease, o Al(CH3COO-)3 corundum smelter's lung, bauxite lung or bauxite o Burrow’s solution, Domeboro’s soln smelters' disease, § Burow's solution is a pharmacological preparation made with aluminium acetate (usually at 13%) dissolved in water. Aluminum compounds: § Domeboro is an excellent preparation of long standing that AlCl3 (Aluminum chloride) helps with itchy flares, and dries out vesicles. o astringent, antiseptic, antiperspirant / component of deodorant o Astringent o Dihydroxyaluminum amino aceta