Nuclear Energy Policy in Switzerland PDF

Nuclear Energy – new developments and role in the Swiss Energy mix Prof. Annalisa Manera Laboratory for Nuclear Systems and Multiphase Flows ETH-Zurich/PSI Univ of Zurich, 11/10/2023 The electricity production in Switzerland is already CO2-free Countries in Europe with ~ CO2-free electricity produ...

Nuclear Energy – new developments and role in the Swiss Energy mix Prof. Annalisa Manera Laboratory for Nuclear Systems and Multiphase Flows ETH-Zurich/PSI Univ of Zurich, 11/10/2023 The electricity production in Switzerland is already CO2-free Countries in Europe with ~ CO2-free electricity production use nuclear energy Exception: Norway with 98 % hydro-power; Island: 70% hydro, 30% geothermal 2 CO2 emissions in electricity production - Europe CO2eq/kWh – Jahr 2022 DE FR CH Electricity Production [MWh] 3 France vs Germany Net-zero goals FRANCE GERMANY Source: Ember-climate France vs Germany Net-zero goals • • FRANCE FRANCE France has done it! Germany still quite far... How did France do it? Source: Ember-climate GERMANY SHARE OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BY SOURCE - FRANCE FRANCE 100 Within 10 years they replaced fossil fuels with nuclear energy 90 80 70 NUCLEAR 60 50 10 years 40 30 20 FOSSILE 10 0 Fossile Nuclear Hydro RE Beispiel Deutschland Summer Deutschland – May 2022 ~ 50 GW 7 Beispiel Deutschland Deutschland – Jan 2022 Winter ~ 60 GW Scale comparison: Europe batter production output in 2022 => 69 GWh 8 Deutschland – Wind/Sonne Dec 2022 Apr 2023 9 Ein Blick auf die Zahlen...(Potenzial von Batterien sehr begrenzt) 196 MWh ~ 10 min 1300 MWe KKW (BFE) ~ 7 min KKW Leibstadt Gesamtmenge an Elektrobatterien in der Schweiz: weniger als 160.000 kWh (was KKL in ~7 Minuten Betrieb produziert) ) Der größte Batteriepark Europas kann etwa 10 Minuten der Energie speichern, die ein typisches KKW erzeugt. 10 SWITZERLAND TODAY 11 Electricity Production in Switzerland - 2022 Contribution of nuclear energy in Switzerland: > 36% HYDRO NUCLEAR 12 Electricity production in Switzerland - 2022 In the winter months the contribution of nuclear energy to electricity production in Switzerland is over 40% Share of Electricity Production - Switzerland 2022 We have to replace a large amount 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Jan Feb Mar Laufwerke Apr May Speicherwerke June July Nuclear Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Konv.-therm. + and. Ern Graphic derived using BFE data 13 Nettostromerzeugung in der Schweiz – Dezember 2022 Pumpspeicher Nuclear energy: important contribution in winter for stable, wetaher independent electricity production Speicherwasser White area is what we have to import from abroad Load (what is needed) Solar Hydropower Nuclear energy ( => Stable contribution) Source: www.energy-charts.info/ Load larger than production => imports needed 14 Risks for Switzerland Events with highest risk and costs is strommangel Classify all the risks that could happen in Switzerland According to FOCP: ➢ highest probability and ➢ highest damage (costs) Frequency Risk for Switzerland with: Costs shortage of electricity supply Damages [Billions CHF] 15 Risks for Switzerland Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz Germany: in < 1 year since the Ukraine conflict, 440 billion euros in costs for measures to prevent power outages and develop new energy sources. 16 Risiken für die Schweiz Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz Texas: people died because no heat and medical machines could not be powered Additional Examples TEXAS Winterstorm Feb 2021 • • 247 deaths as a direct result of the blackout $300 billion damages CALIFORNIA – Sept 2022 Power grid 30 minutes from collapse • • Shutdown of EV cars, air conditioners and other electrical appliances Last NPP "saved" due to power shortage (shutdown was scheduled for December 2022, government invests 1 billion to extend life) Without the NPP they wouldn’t have had enough energy 17 BACKGROUND BFE SCENARIO – SWITZERLAND 2050 18 Goals CH-2050 Reality or Sci-Fi? Until 2050 • 25 TWh Nuclear energy replacement • 25 TWh additional need (Heating, Transport/Mobility, etc.) 19 BFE - Scenario ZERO Basis Schweiz BFE: Energieperspektiven 2050+ Goal to shut down nuclear and replace it with solar Assumptions • Strong increase of electricity imports in winter! • Imports of Hydrogen/synthetic fuels! (from which countries??) 20 A look at the numbers... Germany needs for hydrogen Imports Own production 21 Growth of solar energy – BFE Scenario BFE Scenario/Solar We are here! 22 ALPIN SOLAR AXPO NalpSolar 13 GWh/a - 80,000 m2 23 23,3 42 100,000 GWh MCHF m2 Gondosolar data Growth of solar energy – BFE Scenario 24 23,3 42 100,000 Jahr 2032 2039 2050 GWh MCHF m2 TWh 10 20 33.5 Gondosolar data Units Gondosolar Kosten Equivalent [Miliarden CHF] 429.2 18.0 858.4 36.1 1437.8 60.4 BFE Scenario/Solar BFE-Scenario/Solar ~ equivalent to 1438 Gondolar ~ equivalent to 2,7 NPPs like EPR km2 42.9 85.8 143.8 BERN 51.6 km2 Zurich 87.88 km2 KKW # EPR 0.8 1.6 2.7 Axpo Plan bis 2030, 1.5 TWh/Jahr (1.5 Milliarden CHF) Growth of solar energy – BFE Scenario 25 Why is nuclear energy of interest? Sustainability and energy trilemma Sustainability Energy trilemma Greenhouse gases (Climate crisis) Land use Raw material availability Pollutant emissions Waste streams Security Health effects Economical and social factors Energy density is crucial Grafik von Prasser Source: World Energy Council 26 What is special with nuclear fuel? Nuclear fuel has the highest energy density One nuclear reactions produces > 1,000,000 more energy than a chemical reaction 27 Energy equivalence: 1 pellet of uranium fuel produces the same energy as 1 t coal, 454 l oil or 480 m3 gas 1 ton coal 480 m3 Gas 454 liters oil ~ 3 oil barrels 28 What is special with nuclear fuel? ▪ Small amount of fuel High energy density ▪ Small land use ▪ Small amount of waste Fuel elements: 4 – 5 years in reactor small amounts needed easy to store 29 KE und equivalence Erneuerbare spielen in der gleichen Klimaliga Energy ~ 30 tons/year fresh fuel 30 Is nuclear energy environemental friendly? Land usage ▪ Nuclear ▪ Biomass ▪ Solar-PV ground mounted ▪ Wind 7.1 ha/TWh/y 58,000 ha/TWh/y 2,000 ha/TWh/y (without storage) 130 ha/TWh/y (without storage) 12,000 TWh/y with spacing included Nuclear energy has the smalles • CO2-emissions • Materials flows • Land use It is recognized by all international organizations (IEA, etc) as one of the most environmentalfriendly energy sources. 31 Is nuclear energy environmental friendly? United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Carbon Neutrality in the UNECE Region: Integrated Life-cycle Assessment of Electricity Sources, 2022 Nuclear 32 NUCLEAR ENERGY WORLDWIDE 33 Share of electricity production by nuclear energy EUROPE WORLD Nuclear 10% EU 22.4% 25% 34 Nuclear Energy Worldwide Europa (Status May 2023): 168 NPPs in operation (148.7 GWe) 10 NPPs im construction (11.6 GWe) Worldwide 440 NPPs in operation 59 NPPs in construction Nuclear power plants are very widely spread 35 Europa (Status May 2023): • 168 NPPs in operation (148.7 GWe) • 10 NPPs im construction (11.6 GWe) Worldwide • 440 NPPs in operation • 59 NPPs in construction 36 NPPs Europe KKW -inEuropa 60 50 40 Countries which have announced new plans for NPPs in the past year 30 20 10 0 Operational Under construction 37 Nuclear Energy Worldwide (Europa) 2022 Nuclear energy included in EU taxonomy to support decarbonization 2022 Poland: Plan for 6 new NPPs (Westinghouse/AP1000) to reduce dependence on coal. Start from 2026. First reactor in operation from year 2033. Subsequent units to be implemented every 2-3 years + plan 1 NPP with S. Korea, + plan for several SMRs 2022 The Netherlands: Plan for 2 new NPPs with operation from 2035. 5 billion euros contribution from government (out of a total fund of 35 billion euros earmarked for financing the energy transition). 2022 Czech Republic: tender for new NPP (+ 3 more planned). Construction from 2024. 2022 France: Plans for 6 to 14 new large NPPs plus SMR (additional 25 GW by 2050; > 186 TWh/year ). Law to reduce nuclear energy share to 50% abolished. Senate (239 vs. 16) votes to accelerate construction of up to 14 new NPPs 2022 Romania: Construction of 2 NPPs (US financing of $3 billion) completed by 2030. 2022 (Dec) UK: Government approves new NPP (Sizewell C). 2 more NPPs under construction (Hinkley Point). 2023 Belgium: NPP lifetime extension by 10 years 2023 Sweden: Changes proposed to law to allow nuclear new builds 06.2023: 2040 electricity targets moved from 100% renewables to 100% fossil-free 2023 Turkey: 20 GW by 2050 (talks with Russia, China and South Korea on their planned second and third nuclear power plants, and with the U.S. and U.K. on small modular reactors. 4 NPPs under construction 38 Nuclear Energy Worldwide (Europa) 2022 Nuclear energy included in EU taxonomy to support decarbonization EU NUCLEAR ALLIANCE – 16 countries: France, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech 2022 Poland: Plan for 6 new NPPs (Westinghouse/AP1000) to reduce dependence on coal. Start from 2026. First reactor Republic, Finland, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, in operation from year 2033. Subsequent units to be implemented every 2-3 years + plan 1 NPP with S. Korea, + plan for Estonia, Sweden, Italy, UK. several SMRs 2022 The Netherlands: Plan for 2 new NPPs with operation from 2035. 5 billion euros contribution from government (out of a total fund of 35 billion euros earmarked for financing the energy transition). Development of an integrated European nuclear industry. 2022 Czech Republic: tender for new NPP (+ 3 more planned). Construction from 2024. Target: 150 GW of14nuclear power in the EU25electricity by 2050. 2022 France: Plans for 6 to new large NPPs plus SMR (additional GW by 2050; >mix 186 TWh/year ). Law to reduce nuclear energy share to 50% abolished. Senate (239 vs. 16) votes to accelerate construction of up to 14 new NPPs 2022 Romania: Construction of 2 NPPs (US financing of $3 billion) completed by 2030. 2022 (Dec) UK: Government approves new NPP (Sizewell C). 2 more NPPs under construction (Hinkley Point). 2023 Belgium: NPP lifetime extension by 10 years 2023 Sweden: Changes proposed to law to allow nuclear new builds 06.2023: 2040 electricity targets moved from 100% renewables to 100% fossil-free 2023 Turkey: 20 GW by 2050 (talks with Russia, China and South Korea on their planned second and third nuclear power plants, and with the U.S. and U.K. on small modular reactors. 4 NPPs under construction 39 Nuclear Energy Worldwide 2023 Foundation of the International Bank for Nuclear Infrastructure (IBNI) o https://nuclearbank-io-sag.org/ 2022 (Dec) Japan: Plans for new NPP published by the government in December 2022 2022 (Dez) Saudi-Arabia: tender for new NPP construction + plan for SMR (South Korea) 2023 UAE: 4 KKW in operation, 5.3 GWe (KEPCO/Südkorea) 2023 South Korea: Nuclear power from 27.4% (Today) to 34.6% of electricity generation by 2036. 2023 USA: Net-zero not possible without nuclear energy. New NPPs in operation since 2016. 2 new NPPs completed in 2022, several SMRs planned. Study on Conversion of coal power plants site into nuclear power plants sites Pilot plant - production of Hydrogen from 1.25 MW of Nine Mile Point nuclear power plant (NY, USA) 2023 China: 55 NPPs in operation, 22 NPPs in construction, 43 NPPs planned 2022 (Oct) Canada: 4 SMRs nuclear power plants planned in Ontario. Bruce power plans + 4.8 GW new nuclear 2023 India: Site selected. Government approval for 10 NPPs. Plan for 20 NPPs by 2031 40 Nuclear energy production by geographical area - Japan Before 2011: Nuclear provided 30% of electricity supply May 2023: Government bill approved to promote “green transformation” • nuclear power recognized as "a power source that contributes to energy security and has a high decarbonisation effect" • Relaxation on NPPs lifetime extension (previously set to max 60 years) to maximize NPPs lifetime extension • Plan to replace decommissioned NPPs As of Aug 2023: • 10 (PWRs) reactors have been restarted, • 6 (BWRs) meet new standards but wait for green light to resume operation • 21 decommissioned since 2011 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries launched the SRZ-1200 advanced PWRs in Sept 2022 41 Nuclear Energy Worldwide 33 countries use nuclear energy 29 countries remain or build new plants 12 countries get in Kenya Nigeria Ghana Saudi Arabia 4 countries go out (?) 42 Nuclear Energy Worldwide 33 countries use nuclear energy 29 countries remain or build new plants 12 countries get in Kenya Nigeria Saudi Arabia Ghana 4 countries go out (?) IAEA, 2022 43 Advancements in nuclear energy 44 New Developments in Nuclear Power Plants Design (SMR) NPPs in Switzerland belong to Gen-II, but have been routinely retrofitted 45 New Developments in Nuclear Power Plants Design Today Fukushima Daichi (1971) 11.10. 4 2023 46 6 Gen II: Retrofit measures (Switzerland) Fukushima reactor was never updated and had outdated features that ultimately caused the disaster. GEN II+ Notstrom …long before Fukushima (2011):  G Retrofit by building bunkered emergency systems for safe shutdown: • Plane crash safe • Earthquake proof • Flood protected NPP as built Folien von Prasser GEN II + Filtered Containment Venting Systems (FCVS) + Hydrogen recombiners + Injection nozzles for ambulatory pumps +….. Well NPP in Operation: Safety increase in reactor design Core damage Frequency; 1/a before TMI Gen II First backfitting KKB as built KKM as built KKB today Backfitting & evolution Gen II after backfitting Gen III New concepts Limit of reliable assessment Year of commissioning / backfitting Safety has increased continuously and substantially over the years 48 LARGE NPPs EVOLUTIONARY DESIGN / GEN-III Internes Containment: • Stahlhülle • Lecksicherheit bis 6.5 bar • Ausschluss von H2-Explosion EPR (1600 MWe) Externes Containment: Flugzeugabsturzsicher Sicherheitssysteme: gebunkert gegen externe Einwirkungen, durchgängig 4-fach (2v4) redundant mit mehreren diversitären Sicherheitsebenen ausgelegt Brennstoffnasslager: geschützt gegen Flugzeugabsturz Probability of core melt <10-6/year Probability of large releases to the Environment <10-8/year Core Catcher: Sicherer Einfang der Kernschmelze bei schweren Störfällen Erdbebensicheres Design ausgelegt für 100’000-jähriges Erdbeben Grosser geschützter Wasservorrat innerhalb des Containments für die Beherrschung schwerer Störfalle Gen-III+: passive safety systems Passive Safety Systems work based on physical processes (natural circulation, heat transfer, etc.) General Electric ESBWR • No need for electricity • No need for operator intervention. 50 Neue Entwicklungen im Reaktordesign – GenIII/III+ Philosophie Consideration of severe accidents/core meltdowns directly in the design => everything remains in containment. Exclude necessity of external emergency response Evolutionary Gen III ~ 10-6-10-7 1/y GEN III Reduce core damage frequency by reinforcement of active safety Deterministically exclude radioactive releases by containment function Revolutionary Gen III+ Exclude core damage deterministically by passive safety systems Deterministic proof not possible for fundamental reasons Example: AP1000 • In Operation (USA, China) • Selected for Poland Example: EPR • In operation (Finland, China) • In construction (UK/FR) ~ 10-8 - 10-9 1/y Frequency of a Large Release (LRF) very small but ≠ 0 Grafik von Prasser 51 SGK Grundlagenseminar 2010 system for safe containment and cooling of core Example EPR design: passive melt in case of severe accidents. - Core Catcher (Gen III / EPR) - Long-term cooling of the melt - Containment Heat Removal System (CHRS) Large-scale tests on melt spreading W.COMAS Steinwarz et al., 2001 52 Summary: most important passive functions Passive containment cooling Passive core flooding / cooling Passive depressurization GEN III+ In-vessel cooling and core catcher Everything is kept enclosed and radioactivity cant be released Retention in RPV Melt cooling by passive reactor pit flooding from in-containment pool Core Catcher Melt cooling by passive core catcher flooding from in-containment pool NPPs SIZE CLASSIFICATION Large Gen-III/III+ NPPs on the market and already in operation (examples) AP1000 Op: 4 (Japan) Constr: 2 (Japan) Op: 3 (China, Finland) Constr: 2 (UK) Op: 5 (China, USA Constr: 1 (USA) APR-1400 Op: 6 (S.Korea, UAE) Constr: 4 (S. Korea, UAE) Not only for electricity production SMRs – Small Modular Reactors NUWARD (EdF/Technicatome), 170 MW, ab 2030 NuSCALE (6x77 MW), for Utah, by 2029 UK SMR (Rolls Royce), 443 MW, by 2030 SMART (Korea), 100 MW X-energy (USA) DOW, construction to start in 2026 ACP 100, in construction (China) BWRX-300 (GE/Hitachi) für Ontario Power, operation by 2028 Several SMRs to be completed by 2030 Aug 16, 2023 US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC) approves SMR emergency rule. NUSCALE exclusion zone: perimeter of NPP! 58 New development in NPP design – Example NUSCALE NUSCALE / 12 Modules x 77 MW - 924 MWe ➢ Licensed by US NRC in Aug 2022 ➢ In Utah by 2029 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Smaller, Modular Reduced installation time Simpler construction site Walk-away Safe / Passive Safety Systems Aug 16, 2023 US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC) approves SMR emergency rule. NUSCALE exclusion zone: perimeter of NPP! 59 Example NUSCALE Cooling without external power supply and without external water Steel structure in water in concrete structure If you shut down a nuclear reactor it will still produce heat because of the radioactivity ZEIT 60 New developments in NPP design (Gen IV / sodium-cooled) • Gen-IV reactor (Sodium-cooled) • NPP with integrated energy storage (molten salt) Building permit to be filed in 2024 (Wyoming) Terrapower funded by bill gates TERRAPOWER – 345 MWe 1 GWh Energy Storage Brutreaktor! U238 als Brennstoff Fuel: the 5% of Uranium 235, not U238 61 KILOPOWER REACTOR - NASA NASA needs nuclear power to go to mars and have fuel there and be able to come back Electricity production on Mars First tests on the moon KILOPOWER – NASA/LANL (youtube.com/watch?v=fugONNLb9JE) 62 Microreactors PLAYERS • Westinghouse • BWRX • Kairos • X-Energy • Ultra Safe Nucl. Corp. • OKLO • HOLOS First microreactor under construction. Commissioning in 2024, Idaho (USA) 63 Microreactors ❑ Walk-away safe ❑ Can operate as part of the power grid, independently of the power grid, or as part of a microgrid ❑ Built entirely in a factory, and transportable in an ISO container on LWK ❑ Up to 10-12 MWe to generate electricity and provide heat for industrial applications ❑ Powering remote, rural communities that rely on diesel generators ❑ CO2-free energy sources for water desalination, hydrogen production, and other industries eVinci Westinghouse PLAYERS • Westinghouse • BWRX • Kairos • X-Energy • Ultra Safe Nucl. Corp. • OKLO • HOLOS 64 Floating reactors Making shipping CO2 free is difficult because it requires so much fuel 65 COSTS 66 LCOE LCOE is not everything => it does not relate to electricity cost to end-consumer! von 30.10.2022 Results OECD study (October 2022): Replacement of Swiss NPP with new NPP leads to cheaper option and more independence from Europe. All costs included LTO: life extension of old power plant VRE Only: only renewables Nuclear energy – does it take too long and too expensive? APR-1400 (KEPCO) in UAE Construction started in 2012 ❑ 4 x APR-1400 (5.3 GWe) in 10 years ❑ $24 billions total costs ❑ 42 TWh/year Within 10 years, KEPCO (South Korea) has built 4 large NPPs for a total of 5.3 GWe and $24 billion total cost. => ~ 42 TWh/year Nuclear energy in Switzerland => 25 TWh/year According to AXPO => additional 50 TWh/year will be needed by 2050 - 25 TWh/y to replace nuclear - 25 TWh/y to electricity heating, mobility, etc. 70 Nuclear energy – does it take too long and too expensive? 1 APR-1400 ($6 billions) = 457 Gondosolar 20 billions CHF (without storage and high voltage lines) 25 TWh/year => 1000 Gondosolar Costs: 45 billions CHF (without storage and high voltage lines!) 25.3 TWh/Jahr => 2 x EPR (2 x 1600 MWe) Costs: 26 billions CHF (including delays and cost increases) UK Hinkley Point C Nuclear energy is significantly cheaper than solar energy 71 Nuclear energy – does it take too long? Start and end construction year for all French NPP 72 Nuclear energy – does it take too long? Improvements in computational models and technology ▪ Extend life of current reactors from 30-40 to 60+ years ▪ Power uprates Example KKL - Switzerland • Original output could be increased by 30 % => more than 2.3 TWh/year This corresponds to more than 100 Gondosolar plants • Retrofits in 2021 => +150 GWh/year (more than 6 Gondosolar) Necessity to replace current NPPs delayed by 20+ years Supply chain needs to be re-established Changes in safety requirements by nuclear authority during the construction phase of the power plant!!! (e.g. OL3 in Finland, Vogtle-3&4 in USA) 73 Raw materials - Uranium 74 Uranium Resources Largest Uranium producers: Kasachstan canada Australia Russia is at place #7 75 Uran Resourcen Enrichment capacity (2018) 0.08% 42.8% Current capacity is being expanded 76 Uran Resourcen Anreicherungskapazität (2018) 0.08% 42.8% Derzeit werden die Kapazitäten erweitert 77 Is nuclear energy renewable? Uranium in sea water is renewable 4,5 billion tons Uranium in seawater Uranium concentration in sea water is constant, controlled by stationary chemical reactions between water and earth crust. 78 Raw materials and components – Solar Production of Silicon cells 90% in China (95% by 2025) 79 WASTE 80 Japan Kernenergie / Abfall – zu gefährlich und keine Lösung (?) Zusammensetzung abgebrannter Brennelemente Nur 1,3% (!!) des verbrauchten Brennstoffs sind hochradioaktiv 4.5% Schweiz: total von 1500 m3 hochradioaktiver Abfall für alle KKW bis 60 Lebensjahre 81 Nuclear energy and renewables Data: Hirschberg et al., Energiespiegel 20, PSI, 2010 Toxische Abfälle, in Untertagdeponie Radioaktive Abfälle, untertage LAV/MAV Nuclear energy HAV m3/TWh Abfälle, radioaktiv Solar m3/TWh Umstellung (23 TWh/a) → 70’000 t Reinst-Silizium Dünnschicht-Module: ca. 100 kg CdTe pro MWp, Si-Module: SiCl4 bei der Fertigung Achtung: Toxische Abfälle kommen vorrangig aus der Reinstsiliziumproduktion: SeH2, As(CH3)3, Blei, HSiCl3 Trichlorosilen Report IEA-PVPS T12-19:2020 Life Cycle Inventories and Life Cycle Assessments of Photovoltaic Systems ➢ 170g/m2 in Unterirdischen Deponie Toxische Abfälle (Si-Zellen Erstellung) 82 Endlager Deponie innerhalb 300 m Salzschicht. Herfa-Neurode, DE Chemische Toxische Abfälle www.kpluss.com/ 83 Endlager Abfall im Tiefenlager: Radioaktiv  Chemisch-toxisch • Unterschiedliche Schädigungsmechanismen (chemisches Gift, interne Strahlenwirkung) • Vergleichbare Wirkung im Organismus (akut giftig bzw. krebserregend) • Identischer Ausbreitungs- und Expositionspfad (über Nahrungsketten und Trinkwasser) • Toxizität fällt mit der Zeit ab • Toxizität bleibt konstant (T1/2 = ) • Status: Starke Opposition in der Öffentlichkeit • Status: Mehrere Tiefendeponien in Betrieb Deponie innerhalb 300 m Salzschicht. Herfa-Neurode, DE Chemische Toxische Abfälle www.kpluss.com/ 84 Endlager Hohe spezifische Wertschöpfung → „komfortable“ Entsorgung Niedrige spezifische SQM, Kapazität ~18’000 t/a Lithium Wertschöpfung → kostengünstige Lösung → ~ 0.2 TWh Batteriekapazität pro Jahr erforderlich Aufgrund der hohen Energiemenge, die durch Kernbrennstoff erzeugt wird, und damit der hohen Einnahmen, können wir uns einen teureren (sichereren!) Entsorgungskanister für nukleare Abfälle im Vergleich zu chemischen Abfällen leisten. Gebinde mit chemisch-toxischem Abfall Kanister für die Tiefenlagerung von hochaktivem Abfall Bildquelle: Johnson et al., 2002. Total von 1500 m3 hochaktiver Abfall (Schweiz). Mit Kanister 9300 m3 Bildquelle: https://www.kpluss.com 3,2 Millionen Tonnen gefährliche Abfälle (Stand 2019, Herfa-Neurode) • Dyoxin, Quecksilber, Zyanid, Arsen, unz. Folien von Prasser 85 Transmutation Reduction of radiotoxicity in spent fuel Radiotoxicity Minor actinides, 0.1 % Uranium ore fission products natural uranium + decay products Plutonium, 0.9 % Long-live fission products. Time, years Source: M. Salvatores, CEA Thank you for your attention! Questions? 87 VIDEOS Containment wall – crash test https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4CX-9lkRMQ Nuclear Transport cask – crash test and fire test https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mHtOW-OBO4 Spent fuel cask – missile strike test https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBp1FNceTTA More tests Spent Nuclear Fuel Transportation Container Accident Testing – YouTube 88