Agrarian Reform FAQs PDF

GE1712 Agrarian Reform FAQs provision on the lease of cultivated lands, there was no (Frequently Asked Questions) record how this lease arrangement was practiced. I. Pre-...

GE1712 Agrarian Reform FAQs provision on the lease of cultivated lands, there was no (Frequently Asked Questions) record how this lease arrangement was practiced. I. Pre-colonial Era II. Spanish Era What was the type of land ownership during the pre- What was the system of land cultivation at this period? Spanish time? The colonial government at this period introduced a Land was commonly owned by the community known as pueblo agriculture, a system wherein native rural barangay. This is a small unit of government consisting of communities were organized into pueblo and each 30 − 100 families administered by the chiefs. Christianized native family is given a four (4) to five (5) hectares of land to cultivate. The pueblo agriculture Everyone in the barangay regardless of status had access practiced no sharecropper class or landless class. to the land and mutually shares resources and the fruits of their labor. They believed in and practiced the concept Were the native families allowed to own a land? of “stewardship” where the relationship between man and No. nature is important. The native families were merely landholders and not What was the system of land cultivation during this time? landowners. By law, the land assigned to them was the Land cultivation was done commonly by kaingin system property of the Spanish King where they pay their colonial or the slash and burn method wherein land was cleared tributes to the Spanish authorities in the form of by burning the bushes before planting the crops or either agricultural products they produced. land was plowed and harrowed before planting. How did agricultural tenancy originate? What was the economic system during this period? Through the Laws of the Indies, the Spanish crown Food production was intended for family consumption awarded vast tracts of land to wit: only. Later, neighboring communities were engaged in a o Friar lands for the religious orders; barter trade, exchanging their goods with others. Some o Repartimientos for lands granted to the Spanish even traded their agricultural products with luxury items of military as a reward for their service; and some foreign traders like Chinese, Arabs, Indians, o Encomienda - large tracts of land given to Spaniards Japanese, and Europeans. (encomiendero) to manage and have the right to receive tributes from the natives tilling it. Natives Was leasing and selling of lands exercised during this within these areas became mere tillers working for a period? share of crops. They did not even have any rights to The Maragtas Code seems to be the only recorded the land. transaction of land sale during this time. This tells us about the selling of the Panay Island by the natives to the How did the hacienda system evolve? ten Bornean datus in exchange for a golden salakot and At the beginning of the 19th century, the Philippines as a a long gold necklace. colony of Spain implemented policies that would mainstream the country into the world of capitalism. The Although the Code of Luwaran was one of the oldest economy was opened to the world market as an exporter written laws of the Muslim society which contains of raw materials and importer of finished goods. The 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 1 of 13  GE1712 agricultural exports were mandated, and the hacienda What were some of the revolutionary highlights that system was developed as a new form of ownership. More occurred during this period? people lost their lands and were forced to become tillers. As more tillers were abused, exploited, and deprived of their rights, the revolution of peasants and farmers in What were some of the problems encountered in the 1896 articulated their aspirations for agrarian reform and encomienda system? for a just society. Women also fought for freedom and Abusive encomienderos collected more tributes that played an important role in the planning and implementing became the land rentals from the natives living in the the activities of the revolutionary movements. area. A compras y vandalas system was practiced wherein tillers were made to compulsory sell at a very low Did the revolt address the problem of land ownership? price or surrender their agricultural harvests to Spanish Yes. authorities where encomienderos can resell it for a profit. People of the encomiendas were also required to render The revolutionary government confiscated the large- personal services on public and religious work and as a landed estates, especially the friar lands and declared household help to the encomienderos. these as properties of the government. (Malolos Constitution, 1896, Article XVII). Why was the ownership of land limited to only a few families? III. American Era The Spanish crown made a law in 1865 ordering What initiated the Americans to focus on land reform? landholders to register their landholdings. Only those who Realizing that being landless was the main cause of social were aware of these decrees benefited. Ancestral lands unrest and revolt at that time, the Americans sought to put were claimed and registered in other people’s names an end to the miserable conditions of the tenant tillers and (Spanish officials, inquilinos, and caciques or local small farmers by passing several land policies to widen chieftains). As a result, many peasant families were the base of small landholdings and distribute land driven out from the lands they had been cultivating for ownership among the greater number of Filipino tenants centuries or were forced to become tillers. and farmers. What laws required the registration of What was Philippine Bill of 1902? properties/agricultural lands? This law provided regulations on the disposal of public o The Ley Hipotecaria or the Mortgage Law of 1893 lands wherein a private individual can own 16 hectares of provided the systematic registration of titles and land while the corporate land holdings can avail of 1,024 deeds as well as ownership claims. This law was hectares. This also gave the rights to the Americans to mainly a law on registration of properties rather than own agricultural lands. a mortgage law. o The Maura Law or Royal Decree of 1894 was the last Why was the Torrens system of land registration Spanish Land Law promulgated in the Philippines. introduced? Farmers and landholders were given one year to Some 400,000 native farmers were without titles at the register their agricultural lands to avoid a declaration start of the American era, this situation was also of it as a state property. aggravated by the absence of records of issued titles and accurate land surveys. To remedy the situation, the 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 2 of 13  GE1712 Torrens system was then introduced to replace the o The Sugarcane Tenancy Contracts Act of 1933 or Act registration system implemented by the Spaniards. No. 4113 regulated the relationship of landlord and tenants in the sugarcane fields and required tenancy What governed the implementation of the said system? contracts on land planted to sugarcane. The Land Registration Act of 1902 or Act. No. 496 placed all private and public lands under Torrens system. The Did these land policies help the farmer’s situation? Cadastral Act or Act. No. 2259 speeds up the issuance of No. Torrens titles. This was done by surveying a municipality and presenting the result to the land registration court. It further worsened the land ownership situation, wherein there was no limit on the size of landholdings one could What was the Homestead Program of 1903? possess. Landholdings were once again concentrated in This program allowed an enterprising tenant to acquire a the hands of fewer individuals who could afford to buy, farm of at least 16 hectares to cultivate. However, the register, and acquire fixed titles of their properties. Hence, program was not implemented nationwide and was more land was placed under tenancy. introduced only in some parts of Mindanao and Northern Luzon, where there were available public alienable and How did the peasant groups react to this situation? disposable lands. There were widespread peasant uprisings, headed by the armed peasants’ groups known as Colorum and Were there other agrarian laws introduced by the Sakdalista of Luzon and Northeastern Mindanao Americans aside from the Torrens system? respectively. These uprisings resulted in social disorder in o The First Public Land Act or Act No. 926 provided 1920’s and 1930’s. Hence, more militant peasants and rules and regulations for selling and leasing portions workers’ organizations bonded together for a more of the public domain, completing defective Spanish collective action against the abuses of landlords and land titles, and canceling and confirming Spanish unjust landownership situation. This gave birth to the concessions. Communist Party of the Philippines. o The Second Public Land Act of 1919 or Act 2874 limits the use of agricultural lands to Filipinos, Americans, and citizens of other countries. IV. Commonwealth Era o Act. No. 141 amended the Second Public Act of 1919 What were the tenancy and land ownership situations or Act No. 2874. A temporary provision of equality on during this period? the rights of American and Filipino citizens and o Contrasting economic and political lifestyle between corporations. It also compiled all pre-existing laws tenant and the landlord became very common. relative to public lands into a single instrument. Landlords became richer and powerful while the o The Friar Land Act or Act. No. 1120 provided the tenants were deprived of their rights and became administrative and temporary leasing and selling of poorer. friar lands to its tillers. o Absentee landowners increased. They preferred to o The Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 or Act. No. go after new opportunities in the cities and left their 4054, first legislation regulating the relationships of farms idle or to the management of “katiwalas”. As a landlord and tenants and the first law to legalize a 50- result, haciendas were poorly and unjustly managed. 50 crop sharing arrangement. 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 3 of 13  GE1712 o A small plot of land cultivated by an average peasant corresponding support to tenants protecting them farmer could not sustain a decent living for the family. against abuses of landlords. However, this law o Tenants and farmers shouldered excessive fines, was hardly implemented because most of the unfair taxation, and usury. municipal councils were composed of powerful o Systems for credit and marketing of rice were lacking hacienderos and big landlords. In fact, only one thus, farmers received a very low selling price. municipality passed a resolution for its o Peasant uprisings became widespread all over the enforcement and the majority have petitioned its country. application to the Governor General. ▪ The 1935 Constitution provided specific What was the government’s initial response to these provisions on social justice and expropriation of challenges? landed estates for distribution to tenants as a The government under the stewardship of President solution to the land ownership and tenancy Quezon realized that land reform programs should be problems. implemented immediately. They saw the purchase of friar ▪ Commonwealth Act No. 461 specified that lands as a possible way to solve the problem of dismissal of a tenant should first have the inequitable land ownership. They also saw that the approval of Tenancy Division of the Department Homestead program could be transformed into a massive of Justice. resettlement program, if properly implemented. ▪ Commonwealth Act No. 608 was enacted to establish security of tenure between landlord and V. Japanese Era tenant. It prohibited the common practice among What were some of the significant events related to landowners of ejecting tenants without clear legal agrarian reform during the Japanese era? grounds. During this occupation, peasants and workers organized the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga o What was his program on land reform? Hapon) on March 29, 1942 as an anti-Japanese group. President Quezon laid down a social justice program They took over vast tracts of land and gave the land and focused on the purchased of large haciendas which harvest to the people. were divided and sold to tenants. This administration was responsible for establishing the National Rice For them, the war was a golden opportunity for people’s and Corn Corporation (NARICC) and assigning public initiative to push pro-poor programs. Landlords were defenders to assist peasants in court battles for their overpowered by the peasants but unfortunately at the end rights to till the land. During this period, the Court of of the war, through the help of the military police and Industrial Relations (CIR), was set up to exercise civilian guards, landlords were able to retrieve their lands jurisdiction over disagreements arising from agri- from the HUKBALAHAP. workers and landowner relationship. It was also during this time that the Rice Tenancy Act (Act No. VI. Government Initiatives on Agrarian Reform 4054) was amended. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) ▪ Republic Act (RA) 4054 or the Rice Tenancy Law The Homestead Program continued through the was the first law on crop sharing which legalized creation of the National Land Settlement the 50-50 share between landlord and tenant with 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 4 of 13  GE1712 Administration (CA No. 441) and tenancy problems to limited post-war resources, the program was not were covered through CA Nos. 461 and 608. successful. o What hindered the implementation of land reform Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) under his administration? o Did President Magsaysay pursue land reform during Budget allocation for the settlement program made it his term? impossible for the program to succeed. Also, most Yes, President Magsaysay realized the importance of landlords did not comply with the Rice Share Tenancy pursuing a more honest-to-goodness land reform Act. Widespread peasant uprising against abusive program. He convinced the elite controlled congress landlords continued. In addition, the outbreak of the to pass several legislations to improve the land reform World War II put a stop to the landownership and situation, to wit: tenancy interventions during this period. ▪ R.A. No. 1199 (1954): Agricultural Tenancy Act basically governed the relationship between Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) landholders and tenant-farmers. This law helped What were the interventions made by this administration protect the tenurial rights of tenant tillers and related to land reform? enforced fair tenancy practices; Republic Act No. 34 was enacted to establish a 70-30 ▪ R.A. No. 1160 (1954): Free distribution of sharing arrangement between tenant and landlord. The Resettlement and Rehabilitation and Agricultural 70% of the harvest will go to the person who shouldered land and an Act establishing the National the expenses for planting, harvesting and for the work Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration animals. (NARRA); ▪ R.A. No. 1400 (1955) - Land Reform Act or known It also reduced the interest of landowners’ loans to as “Land to the Landless” Program, which sought tenants by not more than 6%. improvement in land tenure and guaranteed the expropriation of all tenanted landed estates; and President Roxas also negotiated for the purchase of ▪ R.A. No. 1266 (1955) - Expropriation of Hacienda 8,000 hectares of lands in Batangas owned by the Ayala- del Rosario, situated at Valdefuente, Cabanatuan Zobel family. These were sold to landless farmers. City. However, due to lack of support facilities, these farmers were forced to resell their lands to the landowning class. o How did he implement the Agricultural Tenancy Act? This failure gave basis to doubt the real meaning of land He established the Court of Agricultural Relations in reform program. 1955 to improve tenancy security, fix the land rentals on tenanted farms and to resolve the many land Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) disputes filed by the landowners and peasant What was the major program of the Quirino administration organizations. regarding agrarian reform? Through Executive Order (EO) No. 355, the Land He also created the Agricultural Tenancy Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) was Commission to administer problems arising from established to accelerate and expand the peasant tenancy. Through this Commission, 28,000 hectares resettlement program of the government. However, due were issued to settlers. 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 5 of 13  GE1712 o What were this administration’s key support programs There was no legislation passed in his term, but he on AR? continued to implement the land reform programs of Under this administration, the Agricultural Credit and President Magsaysay. Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA) was created. This is a government agency formed to Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) provide warehouse facilities and assist farmers to o Why was President Diosdado Macapagal considered market their products and established the as the “Father of Agrarian Reform”? organization of the Farmers Cooperatives and It was during his term that the Agricultural Land Marketing Associations (FACOMAs). Reform Code or RA No. 3844 was enacted on August 8, 1963. This was considered to be the most With the passing of RA 1160 of 1954, President comprehensive piece of agrarian reform legislation Magsaysay pursued the resettlement program ever enacted in the country at that time. through the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA). This law established the o Why was RA No. 3844 considered as the most government’s resettlement program and accelerated comprehensive piece of legislation ever enacted in the free distribution of agricultural lands to landless the Philippines? tenants and farmers. It particularly aimed to convince ▪ This Act abolished share tenancy in the members of the HUKBALAHAP movement to return Philippines. It prescribed a program converting to a peaceful life by giving them home lots and the tenant farmers to lessees and eventually into farmlands. owner-cultivators; This administration spearheaded the establishment of ▪ It aimed to free tenants from the bondage of the Agricultural and Industrial Bank to provide easier tenancy and gave hope to poor Filipino farmers terms in applying for homestead and other farmland. to own the land they are tilling; and o Did these interventions improve the land ownership ▪ It emphasized owner-cultivatorship and farmer and tenancy situation? independence, equity, productivity improvement Out of the targeted 300 haciendas for distribution, and the public distribution of land. only 41 were distributed after its 7 years of implementation. This was due to lack of funds and o What happened to the implementation of this Act? inadequate support services provided for these The landed Congress did not make effort to come up programs. with a separate bill to provide funding for its implementation. Landlords continued to be uncooperative and critical to the program, and landownership and tenancy However, this act was piloted in the provinces of problems continued. Pangasinan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, Occidental Mindoro, Camarines Sur and Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) Misamis Oriental. It acquired a total of 18,247.06 Was there legislation on land reform under this hectares or 99.29% out of the total scope of administration? 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 6 of 13  GE1712 18,377.05 hectares. The program benefited 7,466 1. It was pursued under Martial Law and intended to Farmer Beneficiaries. make quick changes without going through legislative or technical processes; and Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) 2. It was the only law in the Philippines ever done in o What was the heart of President Marcos’ Agrarian handwriting. Reform Program? o Presidential Decree (PD) No. 27 became the heart of o What were some of the limitations of his agrarian the Marcos reform. It provided for tenanted lands reform program? devoted to rice and corn to pass ownership to the ▪ Scope of program was limited only to tenanted, tenants and lowered the ceilings for landholdings to 7 privately-owned rice and corn lands; hectares. The law stipulated that share tenants who ▪ Monopoly of businessmen in the coconut and worked from a landholding of over 7 hectares could sugar industries; purchase the land they tilled, while share tenants on ▪ Foreign and local firms were allowed to use large land less than 7 hectares would become tracks of land for their business; leaseholders. ▪ Declaration of Martial Law leading to the arrest of several farmer leaders without due process of law o How did this Agrarian Reform Program help the due to the suspension of the Writ of Habeas farmers? Corpus. This agrarian reform program was designed to uplift the farmers from poverty and ignorance and to make Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992) them useful, dignified, responsible and progressive o What are the AR legislations and issuances passed partners in nation-building. This AR program was a under this administration? package of services extended to farmers in the form Proclamation 131 instituted the Comprehensive of credit support, infrastructure, farm extension, legal Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) as a major assistance, electrification, and development of rural program of the government. It provided for a special institutions. fund known as the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF) in the amount of PHP 50 billion to cover the estimated o What were the five (5) major components of President cost of the program for the period 1987-1997; Marcos’ Agrarian Reform Program? ▪ EO 129-A reorganized the Department of ▪ Land Tenure Program Agrarian Reform and expanded in power and ▪ Institutional Development operations; ▪ Physical Development ▪ EO 228 declared full ownership of the land to ▪ Agricultural Development ; and qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27. ▪ Human Resources It also regulated (fixed) the value of remaining rice and corn lands for coverage provided for the o Why was President Marcos’ agrarian reform program manner of payment by the farmer beneficiaries labeled as “revolutionary” by some sectors?? and the mode of compensation (a form of It was considered revolutionary for two (2) reasons: payment) to the landowners. 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 7 of 13  GE1712 ▪ EO 229 provided the administrative processes for under CARP. It directed the immediate turn-over land registration or LISTASAKA program, of government reservations, no longer needed, acquisition of private land and compensation that are suitable for agriculture. procedures for landowners. It specified the structure and functions of units that will o What were the other accomplishments of the Aquino coordinate and supervise the implementation of administration in the implementation of the agrarian the program. reform program? ▪ RA 6657 or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Grants and budgetary support from official Law (CARL), an act instituting a comprehensive development assistance (ODA) circles poured in agrarian reform program to promote social justice during this administration. Various sectors, likewise, and Industrialization, providing the mechanism recognized agrarian reform as a worthwhile social for its implementation and for other purposes. investment. In terms of the tenant-tiller status, this improved particularly those within landowners’ o Were there measures to speed up CARP retained areas or on landholdings subject for implementation? coverage. To strengthen CARP and fast-track its implementation, President Aquino issued the It’s during this administration that the present following Executive Orders: adjudication system was introduced. This gave DAR, ▪ E.O. No. 405 gave the Land Bank of the the original and exclusive jurisdiction over agrarian Philippines the primary responsibility for the land disputes as quasi-judicial powers. Also, livelihood and valuation function in order for DAR to concentrate agro-industrial projects promoted, and programs of its efforts on the identification of landholdings and support services were intensified to help farmer beneficiaries, the distribution of acquired lands, beneficiaries become productive and transform them and the other sub-components of the program; into entrepreneurs. This administration received ▪ E.O. No. 406 emphasized that CARP is central to much support and active involvement in program the government’s efforts to hasten countryside implementation from key stakeholders such as agro-industrial development and directed the people’s organizations, farmer’s association, NGOs implementing agencies to align their respective and from prominent landowners themselves. programs and projects with CARP. This created CARP implementing teams from the national to o What were some of the challenges faced by the the municipal levels and gave priority to 24 administration in the implementation of CARP? strategic operating provinces where the bulk of Various challenges faced this administration in the CARP workload lies; implementation of CARP. An example is land ▪ E.O. No. 407 directed all government financing valuation. One very specific case is the Garchitorena institutions (GFIs) and government-owned and land scam. There were also issues in the absence of controlled corporations (GOCCs) to immediately a clear-cut guideline that would answer problems on transfer to DAR all their landholdings suitable for land use conversion. Minimal efforts were exerted to agriculture; discourage and/or prevent the conversion of lands ▪ E.O. No. 448 pursued the policy that government into other use. should lead efforts in placing lands for coverage 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 8 of 13  GE1712 Despite the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), this Sell and Compulsory Acquisition Pursuant to RA administration experienced a major budgetary 6657”; shortfall due to low remittances from the Asset ▪ Joint DAR-LBP AO No. 3 (1994), policy Privatization Trust and the Presidential Commission guidelines and procedures governing the on Good Government. This administration also acquisition and distribution of agricultural lands experienced constant changes in DAR leadership. affected by Mt. Pinatubo eruption; This led to lack of continuity of priority, programs, and ▪ DAR AO No. 1 (1995), rules and procedures projects. Governing the Acquisition and Distribution of all Agricultural Lands Subject of Allegation on lack of political wills leadership and Sequestration/Acquisition by the PCGG and APT genuine commitment to implement the program. whose ownership in Under Court Litigation; Critics say that the President could have implemented ▪ DAR AO No. 2 (1995), revised rules and a genuine agrarian reform program because of her procedures Governing the Acquisition of Private revolutionary powers after People Power I. Agricultural Lands Subject of Voluntary Land Transfer or a Direct Payment Scheme (VLT/DPS) Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) Pursuant to RA 6657; o What were the key accomplishments of this ▪ DAR AO No. 2 (1996), rules and regulations administration? Governing the Acquisition of Agricultural Lands The Ramos administration is recognized for bringing subject of Voluntary Offer to Sell and Compulsory back the support of key stakeholders of CARP by Acquisition Pursuant to RA 6657; bridging certain policy gaps on land acquisition and ▪ DAR AO No. 2 (1997), rules and regulations for distribution, land valuation, and case resolution. It is the Acquisition of Private Agricultural Lands also credited for enhancing internal operating Subject of Mortgage or Foreclosure of Mortgage; systems and strengthening the capabilities of the ▪ DAR AO No. 8 (1997), revised guidelines on the DAR bureaucracy. This administration is also credited Acquisition and Distribution of Compensable for tapping more resources to help implement the Agricultural Lands under VLT/Direct Payment program. Scheme; ▪ DAR MC No. 7 (1993), implementing guidelines o What was done to facilitate land distribution? on the Distribution and Tilling of the Public Guidelines and procedures were formulated to Agricultural Lands turned over by the National facilitate acquisition and distribution of lands to wit: Livelihood and Support Fund to the DAR for ▪ DAR AO No. 2 (1992), rules and procedures distribution under the CARP pursuant to EO 407, governing the distribution of cancelled or expired Series of 1990 as amended by EO 448, Series of pasture lease agreements and Timber License 1991 and as clarified under Memorandum Order Agreements under EO 407; (MO) No. 107 of the President of the Philippines ▪ DAR AO No. 1 (1993), amending certain dated March 23, 1993. provisions of Administrative Order (AO) No. 9 Series of 1990, entitled “Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Acquisition of Agricultural Lands Subject of Voluntary Offer to 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 9 of 13  GE1712 o What were some of the challenges of the Ramos administration did was to rework performance targets administration in the implementation of CARP? – by focusing on the number of hectares of land Failure in enforcing the installation of some farmer distributed coupled with an accounting of farmer beneficiaries on awarded lands became an issue for beneficiaries and the specific croplands and farm this administration. systems covered. This approach sought to integrate land distribution and support services. It was during Critics say that “non-physical installation of FBs has this period that DAR launched a series of land been the norm rather than the exception.” occupations by working with farmer claimants, the LGU and government security forces. Some sectors also complained about the slowness of this administration in the acquisition and distribution To help speed up litigation, DAR also helped set up of privately owned lands. Although this administration the agrarian justice fund for farmer beneficiaries as was credited for having the biggest accomplishment well as DAR field workers who, due to the nature of in terms of LAD, critics say this is because the land the job, are named as respondents in cases filed by acquired and distributed were more on public lands recalcitrant landowners. Support services took a and rice and corn lands. much more entrepreneurial approach during this administration. Sustainable rural development district Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998-2001) programs were designed to help farmers attain a level o What was the concept of the Magkabalikat Para sa of economic viability. kaunlarang Agraryo (MAGKASAKA) which was launched under this administration? It has forged alliances among countries implementing The concept was for investors to bring in capital, AR through the International Conference on Agrarian technology, and management support while the Reform and Rural Development. The department farmers will contribute, at most, the use of their land then began aggressively to assert its place in national itself. development planning processes to raise DAR’s profile both in national and international fora. With o What are the objectives of the MAGKASAKA? this, DAR was able to secure a seat in the annual ▪ Encourage investors to bring investments into the consultative group meeting between the Philippines’s countryside; and economic management team and the donor ▪ Enhance the income of the farmers through joint community. This period also launched the DAR-DA- venture schemes and contract growing schemes. DENR convergence initiative. The program shall enable farmers to be more efficient and globally competitive. o What were some of the hindrances during this administration in CARP implementation? o What were the other accomplishments of this Fiscal constraints encountered by this administration administration regarding CARP? resulted in the unpaid or delayed payment of This administration saw the urgency of land landowners covered under the compulsory distribution and believed that it can be served if it is acquisition and VOS schemes. built on farmers’ capacities to pursue their own development. One of the first things this 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 10 of 13  GE1712 There were also issues on inter and intra ARBs conflicts due to arguments for control over o What was the program strategy of the DAR in CARP negotiations with prospective joint venture partners, Implementation during the Arroyo administration? some of which became violent. The Kapit_Bisig sa Kahirapan Agrarian Reform Zones (KARZONEs) is a partnership and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010) convergence strategy aimed at achieving asset o What was the implementing framework for CARP reform, poverty reduction, food sufficiency, farm under the GMA administration? productivity, good governance, social equity, and The GMA administration has adopted the BAYAN- empowerment of ARBs both in ARCs and non-ARCs. ANIHAN concept as the implementing framework for ▪ KaBayanihan or the Konsehong Bayan Para sa CARP. Bayan means people, Anihan means Anihan; harvest, and Bayanihan means working together. ▪ Kamalayan Applied to CARP, Bayan-Anihan means a united people working together for the successful o What are the other specific programs of this implementation of agrarian reform. administration to enhance CARP implementation? With the Gulayan Magsasakang Agraryo., additional income and food security to farmers and their o What are the different implementing strategies of the communities were provided. Educational Bayan-Anihan Framework? opportunities were ushered into farmer’s children and ▪ Salin-Lupa: Accelerating land transfer and dependents through the Diosdado Macapagal improving land tenure; Scholar Program. ▪ Katarungan: Prompt and fair settlement of agrarian disputes and delivery of agrarian reform This administration is also credited with heightening justice; agrarian case resolution by introducing a quota ▪ Bayanihan: Better delivery by the government of system to compel adjudicators to work faster on appropriate support services to agrarian reform agrarian cases and train farmers into paralegals. beneficiaries (ARBs) and the mobilization of the ARBs themselves in the transformation of the Benigno Simeon Aquino III (2010-2016) agrarian reform communities into an agrarian o What is the implementing framework of CARP under reform zone and into progressive farming; President B. Aquino’s Administration? ▪ Kabayanihan or the Konsehong Bayan Para sa Under the governance of President Aquino, the DAR Anihan: Institutionalization not only of the system which is the lead agency for CARP implementation is of dialogue and consultation but also joint bent on sustaining the gains of agrarian reform problem solving with AR stakeholders, through its three major components– Land Tenure particularly people’s organizations, cooperatives, Improvement (LTI), Program Beneficiaries and NGOs; and Development (PBD) and Agrarian Justice Delivery ▪ Kamalayan: Raising the awareness of DAR (AJD). personnel, agrarian reform beneficiaries and the general public on agrarian reform and its Together with the efforts to fight graft and corruption contribution to social justice and development. by the President, it is imperative to have institutional 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 11 of 13  GE1712 reforms within DAR as a complement to the municipal offices in land acquisition considering abovementioned DAR components as well as give the difficulty of hiring new personnel and the credence, transparency, and accountability at all demands of a post-2014 scenario. sectors of the DAR bureaucracy. o What are the strategic directions for Program o What are the strategic directions for the Land Tenure Beneficiaries Development (PBD)? Improvement (LTI)? Under President Aquino’s administration, the DAR’s To substantially complete asset reform as mandated PBD priorities are geared toward: by RA 9700 or the CARP Extension with Reforms 1. Undertaking convergence initiatives with rural (CARPer), the DAR is currently: development agencies to complement the 1. Completing the land acquisition and distribution resources and streamline the efforts of DAR, DA, (LAD) in the CARPER balance through: and DENR; ▪ Focus on large-sized private agricultural 2. Inking public-private partnerships (PPPs) lands; develop models of collaboration and business ▪ Redeployment of competent DAR personnel models in AR areas with the participations of the to the 20 high LAD provinces; CSOs, academe, research, and development ▪ Streamline LAD processes and procedures; institutions and LGUs; and 3. Expanding official development assistance ▪ Enhance the database of landholdings for (ODA) portfolio in order to augment incomes for ease in targeting and monitoring the LAD; PBD; 4. Integrating LTI and PBD on a province-to- 2. Prioritizing the subdivision of collective province basis; Certificates of Land Ownership Awards (CLOAs) 5. Shifting focus of low-LAD balance provinces to involving LBP-compensable lands; PBD; and 3. Fast-tracking the documentation and settlement 6. Unlocking credit facilities for the agrarian reform of landowner compensation for already beneficiaries through capacity development for distributed lands; credit providers and farmer-borrowers. 4. Synergizing and rationalizing the efforts of the CARP implementing agencies in all processes of o What are the strategic directions for Agrarian Justice LAD; Delivery (AJD) under the present DAR governance? 5. Partnering with the civil society organizations To speed up the resolution of AR related cases, the (CSOs) in the delivery of LTI services, particularly AJD component is geared. the large-sized private agricultural lands (PAL); 1. Putting the legal framework in place to expedite 6. Adopting a job-sharing scheme wherein under the LAD process and undertake PBD lawyering the ONE-DAR concept, provinces will share to ensure ARBs’ free and informed consent on responsibilities (low-LAD provinces with high agribusiness agreements; LAD provinces) to minimize the need to hire new 2. Developing common templates and legal outlines personnel; and in order to rationalize the DAR lawyers’ and 7. Increasing the utilization of the services of paralegals’ appreciation and decision on cases; geodetic engineers to assist the provincial and 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 12 of 13  GE1712 3. Improving the capabilities of DAR lawyers and legal officers; and 4. Utilizing information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance legal work. Reference/s: Department of Agrarian Reform (2013). Agrarian history – DAR. Lifted and modified from www.dar.gov.ph/downloads/category/82-faqs?download=837:faqs-on- ar-history Department of Agrarian Reform (2013). Agrarian reform history. Lifted and modified from http://www.dar.gov.ph/about-us/agrarian-reform-history 04 Handout 3 *Property of STI Page 13 of 13