Central & Autonomic Nervous Systems PDF

Central & Autonomic Nervous Systems  Central Nervous System LO: Identify and indicate the functions of the major regions of the brain and spinal cord. Reading: pp. 205-209, 224-226 LO: Describe the composition of gray and white matter Reading: pp. 166 & 206...

Central & Autonomic Nervous Systems  Central Nervous System LO: Identify and indicate the functions of the major regions of the brain and spinal cord. Reading: pp. 205-209, 224-226 LO: Describe the composition of gray and white matter Reading: pp. 166 & 206 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2  Figure 08.01 Brain Statistics The adult brain has Dura mater 100 billion neurons. Cerebrospinal fluid Venous sinus Pia mater Dura mater It weighs about 1.5 kg Cerebral cortex Arachnoid mater (3 to 3.5 pounds). Subaracnoid space It receives 15% of the Corpus callosum total blood flow to the Cerebrum body per minute. Sulcus Gyrus Consists of grey and white matter Tentorium Meninges cerebelli Spinal cord Cerebellum Central canal Copyright ©2022 McGraw-Hill Education.Copyright All rights reserved. 2022 No Hill © McGraw reproduction or reserved. LLC. All rights distribution without the or No reproduction prior writtenwithout distribution consenttheof McGraw-Hill prior Education. written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Gray matter (cell bodies and dendrites) White matter (myelinated axons) Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 4 Brain Cerebrum: higher mental function Cerebral cortex Outer gray matter, deeper white matter Activity measured with EEG Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 5 EEG Wave Patterns Used to measure brain function/health Reflects potentials generated in brain cells (increased frequency = increased activity) Alpha: awake, relaxed, eyes closed Beta: visual stimulation; mental activity Theta: awake, tasks requiring attention/memory Delta: sleep (presence in awake adult = damage) Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 6  Spinal Cord Tracts SC - white matter around gray matter core Foramen magnum to L1. White matter - ascending and descending fiber tracts. Gray matter - H shape, L & R dorsal (posterior) horns, L & R ventral (anterior) horns. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 7  Ascending Tracts Convey sensory information Cutaneous receptors (skin) Proprioceptors (muscles and joints) Visceral receptors (internal organs) Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 8 Descending Tracts Carry motor impulses Stimulate muscle contraction Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 9  Spinal cord damage Nerves extend from cord down spine Impact function below spot where cord is damaged Paraplegia – legs and lower body Quadriplegia – arms and legs Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 10 LO: Define reflex arc and its elements Reading: pp. 234-235 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 11 Reflex Arc Unconscious motor response to sensory stimulus Types of arcs Somatic – effectors skeletal muscles Autonomic – effectors smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 12  Reflex Arc Parts of an arc Interneuron in CNS Sensory neuron Effector – muscle or gland that responds Somatic motor neuron Sensory receptor Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 13 Somatic Reflex Arc Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 14 Divisions of the ANS LO: Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system Reading: 9.2, 9.3 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 15 Autonomic Nervous System ANS has pre- and postganglionic Neurons Invol. motor neurons: innervate cardiac and smooth muscles and glands Interneurons integrate sensory input from organs Motor neurons send response to maintain homeostasis 16 Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Fight or flight sympathetic, emergency response Norepinephrine (NE, adrenaline) to effector Prepare for intense physical activity (mass activation) Incr. HR, resp. rate and blood glucose, blood to skeletal muscles Rest and digest parasympathetic ACh to effector Antagonistic to sympathetic Decr. HR, resp. rate, and BG, blood to visceral organs, incr. digestive activities Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 17