Term 4 Practice Exam PDF

**[Term 4 Practice Exam]** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **INSTRUCTIONS** | | | | Read the Resource Booklet and **choose ONE case...

**[Term 4 Practice Exam]** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **INSTRUCTIONS** | | | | Read the Resource Booklet and **choose ONE case study** depicting | | **ONE significant issue** you have studied. | | | | There are THREE parts to this examination. ALL parts of this task | | should be attempted. | | | | You should aim to write concise answers. The quality of your writing | | is more important than the length of your answer. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Case Study A** An application for a study investigating the effects of overstimulation on cognitive functioning was denied by a university ethics board. The study proposed having two groups of rats, one which were placed in normal caged conditions which allowed them spaces to exercise, rest and socialise during the day. The other group would be placed in cages where they would be subjected to a constant stimulating environment. They would have crowded conditions, video screens and constant noise with no place to rest during the day. This would be done for one week. Rats cognitive functioning would be tested before, during and after the experiment. The researchers proposed that this would help understand the effects of the constant stimulation that many people currently experience in everyday life. The university ethics board responded that the potential benefits of the study did not outweigh any ethical concerns for the rats suffering from being in an overstimulated environment. **Case Study B** Clinical psychologist David has been practising as a psychologist in Aotearoa New Zealand for 10 years. He recently attended a professional development workshop on schizophrenia. In the workshop, the explanations that clients had for their experiences labelled as 'psychotic' or 'schizophrenic' were discussed. David was introduced to new research that showed that for Māori clients some characteristics of schizophrenia could be explained through a spiritual or cultural lens and that practitioners should take time to explore this before jumping to a medical diagnosis. But these clients were apprehensive about sharing their spiritual/cultural constructions within mainstream mental health settings due to fear of being ignored or treated as abnormal. With this new information, David is now working on how to make sure all of his clients feel comfortable to share these spiritual/cultural explanations so he can better support them. **Case Study C** Researchers involved in a longitudinal study investigating health, education and life progress of a group of 1000 children (80% boys, 20% girls) explored the link between genetics and mental health conditions. In the process of this research, they discovered that a certain gender are more likely to have the genetic markers associated with substance-abuse disorders such as alcohol addiction. The researchers concluded that boys would be more likely to develop substance-abuse disorders and began developing programs to be taught in schools to try and decrease the likelihood of boys developing these disorders. Identify your chosen case study: Case Study: B Planning space is below. Begin your response on page 3. -------------- **PLANNING** -------------- TASK a. Using your chosen case study, explain how it demonstrates a significant issue in psychological practice. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Cultural bias is a significant issue in psychological practice. | | Cultural bias occurs when pieces of research studies generalize | | findings to all the cultures and when psychologists provide unfair | | treatment towards a certain culture. There are different types of | | culture bias that occur within psychological practice. Ethnocentrism | | is one of them and refers to unintentionally basing one's perspective | | as the right way. The other one is Etic, which refers to look at | | behaviours from an outsider view of a given culture and attempts to | | describe behaviours as universal. Another one is an emic approach, | | which refers to an insider view that looks within cultures and | | identifies behaviours that are specific to that culture. Finally, the | | idea of universalism, which is the view that values and behaviours of | | diverse cultures can be viewed, understood and judged according to | | universal standards. | | | | In Case study B, Dave who has worked as a psychologist in Aotearoa | | for 10 years attends a workshop which teaches his about schizophrenia | | and experiences labelled as psychotic. He was told about Māori | | clients and how some of the characteristics of schizophrenia can be | | explained through spiritual or cultural lens. For being able to be | | comfortable with his Māori clients sharing information with him, he | | is working on figuring out how to do so. Dave identifies the issue of | | cultural bias in psychological and proceeds to look at it from an | | emic approach. Rather than just treating his Māori clients normally, | | he spends time to understand how he can explain the characteristics | | of schizophrenia through a cultural/spiritual lens. This is an emic | | approach because he is looking at the Māori culture from an inside | | view and learning about the practices in them. Dave is showing a | | perfect example of how to avoid culture bias by using an emic | | approach and cultural relativism. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ b. Give a detailed explanation of how this significant issue is evident in psychological practice. Include explanations of relevant psychological theories, concepts, and/or research to support your response. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Cultural bias is a significant issue in psychological practice and | | research. As seen in case study B, Dave had an emic approach. He | | understood the Māori clients use different practices to explain | | characteristics of schizophrenia and proceeded to spend some time | | learning about them. This led him to avoiding cultural bias in his | | psychological practice. However, this is not always the case as some | | large research studies contain cultural bias leading to significant | | impacts on society, making cultural bias a significant issue. | | | | An example of this was a study done by Robert Yerkes in 1917. Yerkes | | introduced IQ tests to help match each recruit mental abilities to | | the right military job. He claimed that these tests could measure | | native intellectual ability which was not affect by educational or | | cultural bias. He Conducted these tests on over 1.5 million recruits. | | He had 2 different types of tests, alpha and beta. The alpha tests | | were administrated to those who were literate in English and the beta | | tests were administrated to those who were not literate in English. | | These tests were extremely westernised, so the people who came from | | foreign countries had difficulty in taking these tests. Yerkes | | universalised the idea that everyone was western and knew answers to | | questions. An example of this was that some of the tasks included | | completing analogies and recognizing patterns that were taught in the | | western educational system and was unfamiliar to the immigrants. | | Another example is that they were asked to identify objects and tools | | that were common in Urban American rather than rural countries and | | places, showing the lack of Varity and only favouring those who were | | not from an immigrant background. This led to the immigrants being | | labelled as dumber than the white Americans. Yerkes had an imposed | | etic, he thought this question would be understood by all cultures. | | This further led to a huge impact on immigration laws in the US in | | 1924. The US government put restrictions which led to a significantly | | reduced number of immigrants entering the country. Another impact was | | that Eugenic policies were introduced by the government and was aimed | | at improving the population by controlling who could have children. | | These policies were based on the idea that certain traits, like | | intelligence or health, were passed down through families, and that | | society could be better if people with \"good\" traits had more | | children while people with \"bad\" traits had fewer or none. In the | | early 1900s, some countries, including the U.S. and Nazi Germany, | | used these ideas to justify sterilizing people with disabilities or | | those they considered unfit. Yerkes research study is a clear example | | of how significant culture bias is. He has a etic view and | | universalises the idea of the westernised culture. His results not | | only led to immigration restrictions for decades, but also | | discrimination and further stereotypes in society. Dave, from Case | | study b avoided this, which led him to understand the significance of | | different cultures perspectives and avoiding it affecting her | | practice. | | | | There has been cultural bias in psychological practice in Aotearoa as | | well. In clinical psychology, cultural bias appears most likely | | because of most of the theories are based on the experience of white | | upper-class men and conduction research on white upper-class clients | | (Lee and Richardson, 1991). There has been an under-representation of | | Māori in the profession of clinical psychology. If the workplace was | | representative of the general population, then we should have a | | target of 16% Māori psychologists. But in 2014, workplace data showed | | that Māori psychologists made up only 6% of the workforce (Psychology | | workforce Taskforce group, 2016). Kaupapa Māori psychology is part of | | an academic pathway that focuses on Māori knowledge as a basis for | | psychological practice and research. However, in a 2010 psychology | | workforce survey, only 17 out of total 60 psychologists identified | | their work as being Kaupapa Māori (Ministry of Health, 2011). Much of | | the undergraduate studies training in psychology is still based | | towards westernised, mostly American theories and research. In a 1988 | | survey of European textbooks on social psychology. Smith and bond | | found that 66% of the studies were American and 32% were European, | | leaving just 2% for studies merging from the rest of the world. This | | shows cultural bias. The idea of universalism and etic is shown here. | | Most of theories and research being from just a westernised framework | | does not account for the different cultures around the world, leading | | to unfair treatment. Colonization also impacted traditional Māori | | healing practices. The Tohunga suppression act of 1908 made | | traditional practices illegal. The mental health services that were | | provided by the government were largely based on universalist and | | ethnocentric assumptions about human behaviour. This is a significant | | issue because Māori have their own way of looking a mental health | | problem. This shows cultural bias as their culture is being treated | | according to western frameworks, when instead they have their own | | supernatural and spiritual elements. An emic approach to this would | | be better as it would understand the differences between the cultures | | and provide treatment to Māori that is comfortable to them. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ c. Discuss a range of strategies that would address this significant issue. Refer to supporting psychological theories, concepts, and/or research in your response. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A way to address the significant issue of cultural bias in Māori mental health in Aotearoa is to use an emic approach. A way of doing is using a Kaupapa Māori approach. Kaupapa Māori research is research that is conducted by and for Māori. This means that the research acknowledges some phenomena may only apply in particular cultures. An example of this approach is from the case study of Mita done by Bennett. Mita's case study exemplifies a Kaupapa Māori approach to mental health because of the actions Bennett did during his practice. The first session commenced with a Karakia, which was then followed by a mihimihi process. After that, a pepeha was also shared between them which helped establish a personal connection. From then on out, all the sessions began with a Karakia. At one point during the session, Mita felt restless, so he was taken to his river where he washed his face and felt better. Bennett also helped Mita connect more with his Whanau, which is a major aspect in Māori culture. The difference between a western framework and Kaupapa Māori is that the Māori approach considers the interconnectedness of all aspects of life such as mental, physical, spiritual and family. However, in a western framework, approaches usually separate mental health from other dimensions of life. A Kaupapa Māori approach usually revolves around the Te Whare Tapa Wha model. The Te Whare Tapa Wha is a model used for understanding Māori mental health and was developed by Tā Mason Durie. It has 4 dimensions, and it is believed that if one of the 4 dimensions are damaged or missing, then a person may become unwell. Modern health services lack recognition of Taha Wairua (spiritual health. The 4 dimensions are Taha tinana (physical health), Taha Wairua (spiritual health), Taha whānau (family health) and Taha hinengaro (mental health). This provides an emic approach to psychological practices in Aotearoa which avoids cultural bias. In Case study B, Dave would have most likely needed to take these dimensions into account during his psychological practice because these are the most important things in Māori culture. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------