HIST 1010 Fall 2024 Lecture 029: The Ottoman Empire PDF

HIST 1010 Fall 2024 Lecture 029: The Ottoman Empire By Matt Malczycki The Ottoman Empire Early Ottomans – Turkic ghazi warriors – arrived in Anatolia ca. 1071 – one of many small states that emerged after fall of Rum Saljuqs in 1243 –...

HIST 1010 Fall 2024 Lecture 029: The Ottoman Empire By Matt Malczycki The Ottoman Empire Early Ottomans – Turkic ghazi warriors – arrived in Anatolia ca. 1071 – one of many small states that emerged after fall of Rum Saljuqs in 1243 – took name from Osman Bey (d. 1326) – grew until Battle of Ankara in 1402 Eastern Mediterranean MapMaster,. "Map of Eastern Mediterranean in 1450 CE." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified May 11, 2020. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/12215/map-of-eastern-mediterranean- in-1450-ce/.  Mehmet II The Conqueror (r. 1451-1481) – 1453: captured Constantinople – restored city to former glory – expansion: Serbia 1455, Greece 1460, Albania 1463, Iraq 1468, Otranto 1480 – began process of formalizing qanun/kanun (secular law) Bellini, Gentile. "Mehmed II." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified January 22, 2018. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7995/mehmed-ii/.  Selim I (r. 1512-1520) – defeated Safavids at Chaldiran in 1514 – defeated Mamluks at Marj Dabiq in 1516 – doubled size of land empire – came to control E. Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, & Hijaz – first Ottoman sultan to serve as “Protector of the Sanctuaries” in Arabia Selim I , undefined, from Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed April 8, 2024, https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/assembly/view/14198.  Sulayman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) – known as “the Lawgiver” in the Mid East – rivals: Habsburgs, Safavids, Venice – responsible for legal reforms at home (qanun over sharia) –responsible for military victories & expansion abroad "Süleyman I." Online Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 Aug. 2009.  Sulayman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) stylized signature of Suleiman – wars with Habsburgs the Magnificent in Europe = Ottomans expand into Hungary – wars with Habsburgs in Mediterranean = Ottomans expand to Libya & control Algeria – wars with Safavid Persia 1534-5, 1548-9, 1554-5 = Ottomans expand to Iraq Magnificent, Suleiman the. "Tughra of Suleiman I." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified November 23, 2021. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14862/tughra-of-suleiman-i/.  Sulayman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) – known as “the Lawgiver” in the Mid East – rivals: Habsburgs, Safavids, Venice – responsible for legal reforms at home (qanun) –responsible for military victories & expansion abroad; e.g. Battle of Mohacs in 1526 (image at left) Artist, Unknown. "The Battle of Mohács." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified July 20, 2020. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/12484/the- battle-of-mohacs/. Hürrem Sultan (Roxelana) d. 1558 Actor Mereyem Uzerli as European portrait of Hürrem Hürem Sultan/Roxelana Sultan  Hürrem Sultan – slave captured in Ukraine/Poland – sent to Istanbul & trained to be concubine – broke precedent & tradition: bore many children, stayed in Istanbul, moved women into Topkapi Palace – endowed many public works, most of which still exist – conducted her own internal & international politics – was accused of witchcraft – great example of how male historians try to discredit strong women, e.g traditional “Sultanate of Women” historiography The Ottoman Empire ca 1566 Ottoman Decline through Treaties – Karlowitz (1699): 1st time OE negotiated as loser; Austria gained Hungary; Poland & Venice also gained territory; Russia gained in Treaty of Contantinople in 1700 – Passarowitz (1718): Austrians gained Temesvar & territory in Balkans; Aus. got trade privileges – Kucuk Kaynarca (1774): Russia gained in Ukraine & Black Sea; made Russia protector of all Orthodox Christians in OE – Jassy (1792): Russian dominance of Black Sea, but also returned Romania to OE  Ottoman Decline? – European economic penetration due to Capitulations – exchanging raw material for European manufactured goods = economic and industrial decline and stagnation – abuse of tax farming system – incompetent sultans and widespread corruption – military stagnation degeneration – scholars (‘ulama’) hidebound by conservatism, tradition, & superstition; extremely hostile toward change – 1699 Treaty of Carlowitz = the beginning of the end for the Ottoman Empire Or Unprecedented European Dominance? – the Voyages of Discovery led to European dominance of world economies & politics ( Murphy’s Golden Rule) – the Enlightenment created an intellectual environment that encouraged risk-taking and innovation – the Protestant Reformation altered the role of religion in economics & politics across Europe – the Scientific Revolution saw unusual scientific & technological advances in Europe – the 30 Years War in Europe ushered in a new age of military thinking  The Safavid Realm Wikipedia, sv "Safavid Persia: Shah Ismail's Empire," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Safavid_persia.png (accessed 23 August 2009).  Shah Ismail (d. 1524) – a charismatic Sufi leader from E. Anatolia – Quizilbash were his fanatical followers – thought by some to be divine, semi-divine, the returned 12th Imam, or even Jesus – threat to Ottomans in Anatolia & Caucasus – defeated by Ottomans at Chaldiran in 1514 – retreated to Tabriz in Iran, which became base of Safavid state – right: Italian painting based on descriptions of Ismail I Khalifa-Zadeh, Dr Mahir. "Shah Ismail I." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified May 12, 2023. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/17394/shah-ismail-i/.  Shah Abbas (r. 1588-1629) – created ghulam (slave) army to counter Qizilibash (Kizilbash) – suffered defeats & made concessions to enemies (1589-90), but gained it all back & more (1605-21) – established relations with Europe; acquired modern firearms; became “gunpowder empire” – silk was major source of revenue – centralized bureaucracy (= made government more efficient) – built-up the city of Isfahan –left: image of Shaykh Lutfallah Mosque, Isfahan; built under Shah Abbas I Eṣfahān, Iran: Masjed-e Shaykh Luṭf Allāh (“Sheikh Loṭfollāh Mosque”) , image, from Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed November 13, 2024, https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/assembly/view/109854.  The Safavids and Shi'ite Islam – original Safavid movement was charismatic but heretical religious movement – charisma & zeal depleted after Battle of Chaldiran & defeat of Ismail I – Safavids turned to mainstream Shi’ite clergy for popular legitimacy – in return for legitimation, Safavids supported Shi’ite Islam – Ottman-Safavid rivalry became Sunni- Shi’ite rivalry as well The End