PSY107 Introduction to Psychology 1 PDF

Welcome to PSY107 Introduction to Psychology 1 Seminar 1: Week 1 Prepared by: Dr Inderbir Sandhu [email protected]  Learning Objectives 1.1 Outline the different specialties that comprise psychology 1.2 Analyze the disciplines...

Welcome to PSY107 Introduction to Psychology 1 Seminar 1: Week 1 Prepared by: Dr Inderbir Sandhu [email protected]  Learning Objectives 1.1 Outline the different specialties that comprise psychology 1.2 Analyze the disciplines of psychology and pseudo-psychology 1.3 Examine how the modern biological perspective looks for causes of human behaviour in our brain and nervous system 1.4 Recount the developmental history of scientific psychology and the modern cognitive perspective 1.5 Summarize the different psychological perspectives in the 20th century 1.6 Identify the behaviour determinants of the six perspectives of psychology 1.7 Recount the four basic steps for testing an idea scientifically 1.8 Identify five ways of conducting psychological research 1.9 Identify the biases and the ethical issues that exist in psychological research ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 2 What is Psychology? What do you do in Psychology? ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 3 Consider these questions … Which is more important, nature or nurture? How can we motivate ourselves more effectively through reinforcement? How can we communicate more effectively? What is intelligence (and why should we care)? What does it mean to be self-actualised? How does the mind-body connection affect our emotions? John Nash, a professor at MIT, a brilliant mathematician and Nobel Prize winner, would tell people that the New York Times contained coded messages from extra- terrestrial beings that were intended for him. He also began to hear voices and became suspicious of the people around him. Is he okay? Why do people have such experiences? How does the human brain work? What is the connection between the brain’s internal processes and people’s external behaviours? ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 4 Psychology: It’s More Than You Think Three Ways of Doing Psychology Experimental psychologists Teachers of psychology Applied psychologists Psychology Is Not Psychiatry Psychiatry Psychology ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 5 To know what is, we should also know what is NOT! PSYCHOLOGY PSEUDO-PSYCHOLOGY Study of behaviour & mental Might be similar to psychology processes BUT Based on research, evidence and NOT founded on research and testable ideas evidence Based on fraudulent methods Sometimes referred to as ‘pop psychology’ ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 6 Psychology vs. Pseudopsychology Can We Always Trust Our Common Sense? § Birds of a feather flock together § Absence makes the heart grow fonder § Two heads are better than one § Action speaks louder than words ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 8 Contemporary Psychology Biological psychology Sensation and perception Cognitive psychology Personality psychology Industrial and organisational psychology Health psychology Sport and exercise psychology, Applied psychology Clinical psychology Forensic psychologists ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 9  History of Psychology (19th century) Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) and Structuralism Founded structuralism, which aimed to scientifically study conscious experience in psychology. Goal: To identify the components of consciousness and understand how they combine to form our conscious experience. Structuralism focused on the contents of mental processes rather than their function. It employed controlled methods, like introspection, which is a self- observation technique to break down consciousness into its basic elements. E.g., using introspection, individuals would focus on their own thoughts, feelings, or sensations to identify the structure of thought. ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 10  William James (1842–1910) and Functionalism Emphasised the practical function of the mind and behaviour in adapting to the environment, paving the way for applied psychology. Psychology’s purpose - study the function of behaviour in the world known as functionalism which focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) and Psychoanalytic Theory Focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades. Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler (betw 1880-1967) and Gestalt Psychology Gestalt psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception. ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 11  Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Behaviourism Pavlov studied a form of learning behaviour called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal/human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus. Watson focused directly on observable behaviour and try to bring that behaviour under control. This approach of observing and controlling behaviour is known as behaviourism. Skinner concentrated on how behaviour was affected by its consequences. Introduced reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behaviour. Skinner developed a chamber that allowed the careful study of the principles of modifying behaviour through reinforcement and punishment. ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 12  Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Humanism Humanism is a perspective within psychology that emphasises the potential for good that is innate to all humans. The Cognitive Revolution Incorporate mental functioning into its purview to offer meaningful contributions in understanding behaviour. Psychologists began to cooperate with scientists in other fields, like anthropology, linguistics, computer science, and neuroscience, among others. This interdisciplinary approach was referred to as the cognitive sciences. Multicultural And Cross-Cultural Psychology Cross-cultural psychologists compare populations across countries. ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 13 Psychology’s Roots and Modern Perspectives Biological Perspective Focuses on physical causes of behaviour. Evolutionary Perspective Focuses on how evolution and natural selection influence behaviour. Psychodynamic Perspective Focuses on internal unconscious mental processes, motives, and desires that may explain behavior. Behavioural Perspective Focuses on external causes of behaviour. ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 14 Psychology’s Roots and Modern Perspectives (cont.) Sociocultural Perspective Focuses on societal and cultural factors that may influence behaviour. Humanistic Perspective Focuses on how peoples’ view of themselves and the world influence behaviour. Cognitive Perspective Focuses on how mental processes, such as memory, expectations, beliefs, and problem- solving influence behaviour. Eclectic Approach Integrates and combines several perspective to explain behaviour. ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 15  Video Clip: History of Psychology (self-view) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edMMPist5rA ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 16 Goals of Psychology Psychology seeks to describe predict explain, and influence behaviour and mental processes (control) ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 17 Goals of Psychology Applied Describe (what): Anxious about the upcoming PSY107 exam. Fear of failure. Physical symptoms of anxiety. May want to drop the module/resit. Predict (evidence-based, to forecast behaviour): Drawing conclusions from the ’what’. Identifying the trigger. By predicting what will happen if you act, or react, in certain ways, you can improve your situation. Explain (why): Explaining the behaviour based on the prediction. Anxiety on exams – past experiences? Expectations? If fail, what happens? Control (Altering conditions that influence behaviour): For fear of failure, one may want to put in extra hours, manage time better Conclusion: We can describe feelings /thoughts that we want more or less of. We can explain why these feelings/thoughts occur. We can predict when these feelings and thoughts might occur in future. When we bring that all together, we can seek to control certain situations to either relieve those that are negative or promote those that are positive. ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 18  Six Main Perspectives in Psychology Six Perspectives of Psychology: Why are we the way we are? Views behaviour as resulting from internal physical, chemical, and biological processes. All Biological thoughts, feelings, and behaviours would have a biological cause. Interpretation of experience (learning, memory, sensation, perception, language & thinking) by Cognitive means of mental processing. Characterises how information is stored and operated on, much like a computer would how we use that processed information to drive our behaviours. Rejects the notion of mental processes which are not visible and maintains that the focus should Behavioural be on what is observable, i.e., behaviour. Psycholoanalysis: Focuses on the effects of thoughts and feelings on behaviour; mainly Whole-person concerned with unconscious mental processes, and the constant interaction between conscious (Psychoanalysis, and unconscious forces. Humanistic: Assumes that humans have positive values, free will, deep humanistic, trait & temperament) inner creativity, and strive to achieve personal growth. Emphasises on the uniqueness of every person and every situation. Studies effects of nature and nurture on behaviour. According to this perspective, people change Developmental in predictable ways as the influence of heredity and environment unfold over time. Socio-cultural Interpretation of human behaviour in a social context. Emphasises social influence, the power of the situation, on behaviour. Interested in cultural differences in social processes. 19 ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 20 ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 21  Video Clip (4.07mins): 8 Types of Psychology with Real-World Perspective (Do watch in your own time!) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtWtZgdVyRU&feature=e mb_logo ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 22  Group Work & Discussion 23 ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved  Video: Old lady and young man argue on SBS bus - kicking and spitting at each other (1.37mins) https://youtu.be/n0WjROJ_aAs Source: https://stomp.straitstimes.com/singapore- seen/singapore/who-is-in-the-wrong-old-lady-and-young-man- starts-arguing-on-sbs-bus ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 24 Psychological Perspectives (Group-Based) [List your names] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Brief explanation of how the perspectives explains the behaviours of the of Psychological Perspectives the old lady and/or the young man in this video 1. Biological 2. Cognitive 3. Behavioural 4. Whole-person 5. Developmental 6. Socio-cultural ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 25 Psychological Possible explanation for the older lady’s actions based on different Group perspectives Presentation & Discussion perspectives (non-exhaustive) Biological Study of biological bases of psychological processes Our physical make-up determines our personalities, preferences, behaviour patterns, and abilities Biological explanations of behaviour originate from the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the genes Cognitive Study of mental activities: sensation, perception, learning, thinking, and memory Involves the processing of information like a computer where the brain interprets experiences and generate responses ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 26 Psychological Possible explanation for the older lady’s actions based on different Group perspectives Presentation & Discussion perspectives (non-exhaustive) Behavioural Study of observable behaviour, the relationship between stimuli and response Adopts the conditioning as explanation for most behaviour Does not engage in the concept of “to mean something”, but that the displayed behaviour is believed to be the result of conditioning, of having been rewarded for such behaviours before Whole-person Humanistic: Focuses on subjective experiences. People have choices and are not bound by the past. Hence, the older lady’s actions were a choice since it could have been avoided. Psychodynamic: Mental life is largely unconscious. All thoughts, emotions and actions are determined. Influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses and desires. ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 27 Psychological Possible explanation for the older lady’s actions based on different Group perspectives Presentation & Discussion perspectives (non-exhaustive) Developmental Studies effects of nature and nurture on behaviour. According to this perspective, people change in predictable ways as the influence of heredity and environment unfold over time. Just as physical development occurs in predictable stages, psychological development can be observed in the acquisition of language, logical thinking and the assumption of different roles at different times of life. Socio-cultural Emphasises the idea of social influence, the power of the situation, on behaviour Attempts to probe areas such as liking, loving, prejudice, aggression, obedience, and conformity Interested in cultural differences in social processes ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 28 Weekly Pre-seminar Task (from Seminar 02) Discussion Board (DB) Post – 5 marks allocated to TMA02 (In T07) Complete the following listed below, in your T-group Discussions Post an image of your concept, definition, and explanation § Select any concept from the textbook on the upcoming Seminar’s topic § Define the concept: Provide the textbook definition § Post your own original picture taken from everyday situations as an example (do not take images from the textbook, internet, or other sources) § Provide an explanation of how your picture illustrates the concept ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 29 ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 30 TMA01 (available in Canvas L01 group> Modules> Assessments) Instructions: Access a journal article (from Google Scholar) “False recognitions in the DRM paradigm: The role of stress and warning” Answer 6 questions based on the research article on: 1. General information 2. Introduction 3. Method 4. Results and Discussion 5. Abstract 6. References ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 31 Abstract Gist of the article… This article discusses a study examining the effects of stress and warning on false and true memories using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Here's the gist of the research: 1. Purpose: The study aimed to investigate how stress and warnings about false memories jointly affect the occurrence of false and true memories. 2. Method: § 126 participants were involved § Used word lists from the DRM paradigm to measure false and true recognition rates § Participants were exposed to either a stress condition or a no-stress condition § They were then given either a pre-warning, post-warning, or no warning about false memories 3. Key findings: § Stress had a significant effect on true recognition but not on false recognition § Warnings given after the DRM lists decreased the frequency of false memories § No significant interaction was found between stress and warning 4. Implications: The study suggests that stress and warnings have different effects on true and false memories in the DRM paradigm. While the researchers’ hypotheses were not confirmed, this study contributes to the existing research by providing evidence on how stress and warnings differently impact true and false memories. The findings may have implications for understanding memory processes and could be relevant in fields such as psychology, neuroscience, and legal contexts where the accuracy of memories is crucial. ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 33 TMA format Download and complete the new TMA Cover Page from Canvas L01 > Modules > Assessments. Acknowledge that you have read the self-declaration on academic integrity and submit it with your TMA. There will be a penalty of 5 marks deduction if the TMA cover page is incomplete, inaccurate or missing from the final submission of your TMA via Turnitin. No appeals concerning the Cover Page will be entertained. Use Times New Roman 12 point, double line spacing throughout. ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 34  Some Key Terms Adaptation: a trait of an organism has a function for the survival and reproduction of the individual American psychological association (APA): professional organisation representing psychologists in the united states Behaviourism: focus on observing and controlling behaviour Biopsychology: study of how biology influences behaviour Biopsychosocial model: perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual’s health Clinical psychology: area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behaviour Cognitive psychology: study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions Counselling psychology: area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals Developmental psychology: scientific study of development across a lifespan Empirical method: method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 35  Forensic psychology: area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system Humanism: perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans Introspection: process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts Natural selection: the process by which differences in an organisms characteristics arise leading to better adaptation to their environment -Ology: suffix that denotes “scientific study of” personality psychology: study of patterns of thoughts and behaviours that make each individual unique Personality trait: consistent pattern of thought and behaviour Psychoanalytic theory: focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behaviour Psychology: scientific study of the mind and behaviour Sport and exercise psychology: area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities Structuralism: understanding the conscious experience through introspection ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 36 Any Questions? Comments? Yes? No? Thanks for your attendance & participation See you next Tuesday evening! REMINDER: Please attempt 1. Pre-Seminar Task (for Seminar 2) in the Discussion Board by Sunday 11.55pm (no grace period). Upcoming Seminar (S02): Psychological Research ©2024 PSY107_IKS@SUSS/SEM01. All rights reserved 37