PSY 1A: Understanding the Self PDF

PSY 1A: Understanding the Self  Midterm: Points of View on the Self Tripartite Composition of Self Bio-Ecological Perspective Socio-Anthropological Perspective Psychological Perspectives Cultural Conce...

PSY 1A: Understanding the Self  Midterm: Points of View on the Self Tripartite Composition of Self Bio-Ecological Perspective Socio-Anthropological Perspective Psychological Perspectives Cultural Concept of the Self Units and Finals: Facets of the Self Physical Self Modules Sexual Self Spiritual Self Material Self Digital Self Political Self  PSY 1A: Understanding the Self Module 01 The Tripartite Composition of the Self  “I think therefore I am” which means that a rational thinking person and being self conscious is the proof that there is a self. - Rene Descartes THE “conscious awareness and memory of SELF precious experiences are the keys to understanding his self”. John Locke The self is nothing else but a bundle of impressions. If one tries to examine experiences, he finds that they can all be categorized into two: impressions and ideas. David Hume  The Self of… o Thoughts o Feelings o Behaviors Tripartite Composition Of the Self To understand the self as a holistic being with interconnected thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.  PONDER ON THESE… WHAT’S ON YOUR MIND? WHY DO YOU THINK ABOUT IT? THE THINKING HOW DO YOU ASSESS ABOUT HOW SELF YOU THINK?  Your nephew describes his new girlfriend as a student who is artistic and loves poetry. With no other information to go on, it is more likely that she is studying: THE THINKING A.) Chinese Literature B.) Business Management SELF How did you arrive at that thought?  Imagine you’re a doctor, faced with the choice of operating on a cancer patient or recommending a course of radiation instead. In the long term, operating is best. But in this case, there is a 10% risk of mortality in the first month following the operation. THE THINKING Will you take the risk? Why? SELF  DANIEL KAHNEMAN’S TWO THINKING SYSTEMS -SYSTEM ONE -SYSTEM TWO Israeli-American psychologist and Nobel Laureate THINKING Daniel Kahneman is the founding father of modern behavioral economics. His work has influenced how we see thinking, decisions, risk, and even happiness. In Thinking, Fast and Slow, his “intellectual memoir,” he shows us in his own words some of his enormous body of work. Part of that body includes a description of the “machinery of … thought,” which divides the brain into two agents, called System 1 and System 2, which “respectively produce fast and slow thinking.”  SYSTEM ONE SYSTEM ONE Fast Intuitive System 1 is capable of making Emotional quick decisions, based on very Requires less cognitive effort (due to little information. practice) Will not take a lot of time in trying to figure Fleeting impressions, and the many out what to do other shortcuts you’ve developed Requires minimum attention throughout your life, are combined Automatic to enable System 1 to make these decisions quickly, without deliberation and conscious effort. SYSTEM ONE SYSTEM ONE SYSTEM ONE  SYSTEM TWO SYSTEM TWO Slow Deliberate System 2 is usually engaged in Reflective types of decisions that require Analytical attention and slow, effortful, Complex considered responses. Effortful Requires more attention Situations like choosing which Intense focusing college to attend, which house to buy, or whether to change careers would likely require a much more thoughtful and rational approach than just using your gut feeling SYSTEM TWO SYSTEM TWO SYSTEM TWO STROOP EFFECT  ARE THE HORIZONTAL LINES STRAIGHT OR NOT? TWO SYSTEMS OF THINKING INTERACTION OF SYSTEMS 1 & 2 When making decisions or judgments, we often use mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" known as heuristics. Sometimes these mental shortcuts can be helpful, For every decision, we don't but in other cases, they always have the time or resources to compare all the can lead to errors information before we make a or cognitive biases. choice, so we use heuristics to help us reach decisions quickly and efficiently.  Thinking may be prone to systematic errors. COGNITIVE Some beliefs might not be based on evidence, but we continue to BIASES consider them as “truths.” Even though you know what the objective reality is, it does not change the way you see the lines.  1. PEAK END RULE People judge an experience largely based on how they felt at its PEAK and COGNITIVE its END... BIASES The total sum of pleasantness or unpleasantness is entirely disregarded! “When people assess an experience, they tend to forget or ignore its length. Instead, they seem to rate the experience based on two key moments: (1) the best or worst moment, known as the peak and (2) the ending [...] A bad flight experience on the 1. PEAK END RULE way home from a vacation can take away from the overall trip, A classic example is childbirth. even if the vacation was essentially positive. If you attend a concert with poor A breakup of a relationship is sound quality or performance, yet also a common example, as we the concert ends with your may vividly recall a favorite song, your memory of heartbreaking or painful the experience overall will be breakup. more positive.  ◦Short period of intense joy or long period of moderate Which would happiness you rather go ◦Short period of intense, but through? tolerable suffering or longer period of moderate pain  2. REPRESENTATIVENESS When people are asked to judge the probability that an object or event belongs to a category COGNITIVE BIASES Assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category. "the probability that Steve is a librarian is assessed by the degree to which his is representative of, or similar to, the stereotype of a librarian," (Tversky and Kahneman)  2. REPRESENTATIVENESS When we make decisions based on COGNITIVE representativeness, we may be likely to make more errors by BIASES overestimating the likelihood that something will occur. Just because an event or object is representative does not mean its occurrence is more probable.  Tom is a college student in a state university. He is of high intelligence, although lacking in creativity. He has a need for order and clarity, and for neat and tidy systems in which every detail PONDER ON finds its appropriate place. His writing is rather dull and mechanical, occasionally THIS… enlivened by corny puns and flashes of imagination of the sci-fi type. He has a strong drive for competence. He seems to have little sympathy for others & does not enjoy interaction with others. But he does have a deep moral sense. What course in Tom most likely enrolled in?  -Consider how members of a jury might determine a defendant's guilt or innocence because of his/her PONDER ON physical appearance. THIS… -A farmer, for example, might be seen as hard-working, outdoorsy, and tough. -A librarian, on the other hand, might be viewed as being quiet, organized, and reserved.  3. ANCHORING AND ADJUSTMENT “How old is person A?” / “What is person A’s weight?” “Was Mahatma Gandhi more COGNITIVE or less 144 years old when he died?” BIASES Decision is based on: -ANCHOR based on the given reference point. -ADJUST the anchor (either higher or lower) ◦ In making judgments under uncertainty, people start with a certain reference point (anchor), then adjust it insufficiently to reach a final conclusion.  3. ANCHORING AND The anchoring effect as a ADJUSTMENT powerful impact on the Imagine that you are buying a new car. You choices we make, from read online that the average price of the decisions about the things we vehicle you are interested in is $27,000 buy to daily preferences dollars. When you are shopping at the about how to live our lives. local car lot, the dealer offers you the same vehicle for $26,500, which you quickly accept—after all, it's $500 less than what So the next time you you were expecting to pay. are trying to make an important decision, give a Except, the car dealer across town is little thought to the possible offering the exact same vehicle for just $24,000, a full $2,500 less than what you impact of the anchoring bias paid and $3,000 less than the average on your choices. price you found online. THE FEELING SELF  a conscious mental reaction (such EMOTION as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as a strong feeling. PAUL EKMAN Dr. Ekman traveled to Papua New Guinea to study the nonverbal behavior of the Fore people. He chose these people as they were an isolated, Stone Age culture located in the South East Highlands. Ekman's research “Emotions are a process, a provided the strongest evidence particular kind of automatic to date that facial expressions are appraisal influenced by our evolutionary and personal past, in universal. which we sense that something important to our welfare is occurring, and a set of psychological changes and emotional behaviors begins to deal with the situation." - Paul Ekman, PhD https://www.paulekman.com/about/paul-ekman/  James-Lange theory of emotion (1880s) proposed that bodily changes come first and form the basis of an emotional experience. Thus, emotions are caused by bodily sensations (you become happier when you smile, you are afraid because you run). Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we react to a stimulus and experience the associated emotion at the same time. The physical reactions are not dependent upon the emotional reaction, or vice versa. EMOTION Schachter-Singer theory, emotions are a result of two factors: Physical processes in the body (such as activation of the sympathetic nervous system, for example), which researchers refer to as “physiological arousal.” These changes can include things like having your heart start beating faster, sweating, or trembling. A cognitive process, in which people try to interpret this physiological response by looking at their surrounding environment to see what could be causing them to feel this way. EMOTION EMOTION EMOTION EMOTION  Emotion regulation may be broadly EMOTION defined as the way in which a REGULATION person uses emotional experiences to provide for adaptive functioning (Thompson, 1994).  Skills necessary for effective Emotion Regulation (a) flexibility and responsiveness to changing situational demands (Cole et al., 1994; Thompson, 1994). (b) Awareness of one’s emotional EMOTION state, (c) the capacity to detect emotions REGULATION in other people, (d) knowledge of cultural display rules for emotions, (e) and the ability to empathize with others’ emotional states (Saarni, 1990; cited in Underwood, 1997).  Indicators for Adaptive Emotion Regulation (a) a high self-esteem Shope, & Dielman, 1997), (Haney & Durlak, 1998; Zimmerman, Copeland, (b) a positive self-concept and stable sense of identity (Harter, 1990; Nurmi, 1997), (c) a high level of ego development EMOTION (Allen, Hauser, Bell, & O’Connor, 1994; Hauser & Safyer, 1994), (d) social competence REGULATION (Bustra, Bosma, & Jackson, 1994; Gullotta, Adams, & Montemayor, 1990), (e) a positive mood or emotional tone (Larson & Richards, 1994; Petersen et al., 1993), (f) school engagement press; Wigfield & Eccles, 1994), (Sandler, Ayers, Suter, Schultz, & Twohey, in (g) and feelings of attachment to parents and friends Greenberger & McLaughlin, 1998; Paterson, Pryor, & Field, 1995) (Allen, Moore, Kuperminc, & Bell, 1998;  The cognitive model hypothesizes that people’s emotions and behaviors are influenced by their COGNITIVE perceptions of events. It is not a BEHAVIORAL situation in and of itself that determines what people feel but THERAPY rather the way in which they construe a situation’ (Beck, 1964). COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY Think about a personal challenge you are experiencing at present - this may be a challenge in a relationship, in school, at work, or some other problem that is affecting your thoughts, feelings, and behavioral responses or actions.