Introduction to the Human Body PDF

INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY SAN PEDRO COLLEGE RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES: DEFINE ANATOMY DEFINE PHYSIOLOGY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY IDENTIFY THE MAJOR LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY FROM THE SIMPLEST TO THE MOST COMPLEX WHAT IS ANATOMY...

INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY SAN PEDRO COLLEGE RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES: DEFINE ANATOMY DEFINE PHYSIOLOGY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY IDENTIFY THE MAJOR LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY FROM THE SIMPLEST TO THE MOST COMPLEX WHAT IS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY? ANATOMY - study of internal and external body structures PHYSIOLOGY - study of how living organisms perform their vital functions  HUMAN ANATOMY Study of the structure of the human body DIVIDED INTO TWO: Gross anatomy; Microscopic Anatomy  GROSS ANATOMY From the latin word grossus meaning “thick” or “massive” DIFFERENT FORMS OF GROSS ANATOMY: * Surface Anatomy- study of general form of the body’s surface - the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface *Regional Anatomy- anatomical organization of specific areas of the body such as head, neck or trunk *Sectional Anatomy- study of the relationship of body’s structures by examining cross sections of the tissue or organ * Clinical Anatomy- includes a number of subspecialties important in clinical practice *Systemic Anatomy- study of the structure of organ system, which are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner *Developmental Anatomy- describes the changes in form that take place between conception and adulthood MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye SUBDIVISIONS: a. Cytology- internal structure of the individual cells, the simplest units of life b. Histology- examination of the tissues  LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION CHEMICAL LEVEL ATOM 🡪 MOLECULE CELLULAR LEVEL MOLECULE 🡪 CELL TISSUE LEVEL CELLS 🡪 TISSUES FOUR BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES: 1) EPITHELIAL 2) CONNECTIVE 3) MUSCULAR 4) NERVOUS ORGAN LEVEL TISSUES 🡪 ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL ORGANS 🡪 ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM LEVEL ORGAN SYSTEM 🡪 ORGANISM NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS  MAINTAINING LIFE BOUNDARIES MOVEMENT RESPONSIVENESS/ EXCITABILITY DIGESTION  METABOLSIM *CATABOLISM *ANABOLISM *CELLULAR RESPIRATION EXCRETION REPRODUCTION GROWTH SURVIVAL NEEDS  NUTRIENTS OXYGEN WATER  NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE APPROPRIATE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE  HOMEOSTASIS DESCRIBE ITS ABILITY TO MAINTAIN RELATIVELY STABLE INTERNAL CONDITIONS EVEN THOUGH THE OUTSIDE WORLD CHANGES CONTINUOUSLY  HOMEOSTASIS comes from Greek word homeo “similar’ + stasis “state of standing” Failure to maintain homeostasis soon leads to illness or death. MECHANISMS OF HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION  AUTOREGULATION- process that occurs when a cell, tissue, organ or organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change. EXTRINSIC REGULATION –process that results form the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system PROCESS OF HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION RECEPTOR A sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change AFFERENT PATHWAY CONTROL CENTER Analyzes the input it receives and determines the appropriate response or course of action. EFFERENT PATHWAY EFFECTOR A cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM A way of counteracting change. the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity MAIN GOAL: Preventing sudden severe changes within the body. POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. 11 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY ANATOMICAL REGIONS ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS  ANATOMICAL POSITION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS TWO FUNDAMENTAL DIVISIONS OF OUR BODY: AXIAL - which makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk APPENDICULAR- consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body’s axis ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS DIRECTIONAL TERMS BODY PLANES & SECTIONS SAGITTAL PLANE is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. FRONTAL PLANE divide the body into anterior and posterior parts TRANSVERSE PLANE runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts OBLIQUE SECTION are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes. BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES MEMBRANES IN THE VENTRAL BODY CAVITY SEROSA/ SEROUS MEMBRANE- covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the organs it contains * PARIETAL SEROSA- part of the membrane lining the cavity walls * VISCERAL SEROSA- covering the organs in the cavity SEROUS FLUID- a lubricating fluid which separates the serous membranes