Year 9 Plate Tectonics and Hazards Updated PDF
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NYU
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Summary
This is a knowledge organiser for Year 9 students on the topic of plate tectonics and the hazards they create. It covers key vocabulary such as tectonic plates, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It also explains the different types of plate boundaries and the impact of volcanic eruptions. It includes the 2015 Nepalese earthquake.
Full Transcript
Y9—How does the structure of the earth create hazards? KEY VOCABULARY Tectonic plate—A large irregular piece of Earthquake— a sudden violent shaking of the the earth’s lithosphere that makes up the...
Y9—How does the structure of the earth create hazards? KEY VOCABULARY Tectonic plate—A large irregular piece of Earthquake— a sudden violent shaking of the the earth’s lithosphere that makes up the ground that occurs as a result of movements earth’s crust. within the earth's crust or volcanic action. Seismic wave—a sudden wave of energy trans- Plate boundary—the point where two tec- ferred through the earth as a result of plate tonic plates meet. movement. Convection currents—a current in the man- Response—action taken by humans following a tle that moves magma between the earth’s hazard. core and lithosphere. Primary hazard— things that cause disrup- Volcano— a mountain or hill, with a crater or tion and danger to human life that are vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot va- caused directly by a tectonic event. For ex- pour, and gas are or have been erupted from the Secondary hazard— dangerous things Impact—The effect that hazards have on the caused by the primary hazards. For exam- physical and human environment. They can be ple fire, disease, breathing difficulties. short term or long term. The structure of the earth The earth is made of different layers. The crust and upper part of the mantle are called the lithosphere. The crust is the layer we live on. It is broken into pieces of oceanic and continental crust called plates. The plates move around due to convection currents in lower part of the mantle. This causes the continents to move. Slab pull and ridge push also cause the plates to move. Slab pull—the weight of a rock subducting can pull the plate behind it. Plate boundaries— There are 4 major types of plate Conservative boundary. Boundary Constructive Boundary Destructive Collision Boundary Boundary Location Volcanoes Volcanoes occur in lines or Types belts along plate Active, boundaries. Dormant, Shield volcanoes occur Extinct along constructive Shield, boundaries and composite Composite cone cone along destructive boundaries. The impacts of volcanic Why live near volcanoes? eruptions vary depending on: volcanic rock and ash provide fertile land The type of volcano tourists are attracted to the volcano Development level Preparation geothermal energy can be harnessed Population density minerals are contained in lava. Accessibility Lack of fear due to new technology Earthquakes An earthquake is a sudden shockwave caused by rocks getting stuck and being under stress from the movements of plates at plate boundaries. Eventually the stress in the rock builds up enough to deform and reach breaking point. At that point, the stored up energy is released in the form of shockwaves which we feel as an earthquake. Earthquakes are measured using the Moment Magnitude Scale. This measures the size of the seismic waves during the earthquake. Each step in the scale is ten times greater than the previous number. This is a logarithmic scale. The Nepalese Earthquake 2015 The earthquake occurred on a collision plate boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates. Focus was 8 kms deep. The epicentre was 60 kilometres NE from the capital Kathmandu. Impacts UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Kathmandu Valley destroyed. 600000 houses were destroyed across many districts of the country. Approx 9000 dead and 22000 injured. Hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless. Harvests were reduced or lost that season. Short term loss of tourist revenue, a major industry in Nepal. The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest, killing approximately 20 people. The steep valleys of the area suffered many landslides, wiping out whole villages such as Langtang. Short term responses Long term responses People dug through the rubble for survivors Rebuilding of houses and services Red cross sent aid workers to provide support. New task force set up to prevent future disasters $3m dollars given to pay for emergency relief from Asian development bank. Emergency shelters set up for the homeless. Want to know more, check your learning or take your learning further? Check out these website below! Bitesize plate tectonics Internet Geography—Nepal Earthquake https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/ https://www.internetgeography.net/ zn476sg topics/nepal-earthquake-2015/ Time for geography—videos on plate tectonics https://timeforgeography.co.uk/videos_list/plate- tectonics/