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Questions and Answers
What is the primary spinal nerve contribution to the Longissimus Lumborum?
What anatomical structure can cause momentary cessation of blood flow to the brain when elderly individuals look up?
Which muscle is most likely to cause rotation of the spine during unilateral contraction?
What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
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At which vertebral level does the spine of the scapula serve as a landmark?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding kyphosis?
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When flexion occurs in the cervical spine, how do the occiput and C1 interact?
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Which muscle is NOT classified as an internal rotator of the shoulder?
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Which ligament fuses with the supraspinous ligament at T1 and is responsible for supporting the neck?
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Which muscle is primarily associated with hip hiking and provides stabilization in the lumbar region?
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Which cervical muscles are considered the deepest?
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What is the primary function of the transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae?
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What happens to ligaments during spinal flexion in relation to the vertebrae?
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Which spinal muscle runs down to the inferior border of the scapula?
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Which of the following ligaments limits extension of the spine?
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Which muscle connects to the bodies and transverse processes of L1-L5 and can affect back pain?
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What muscle primarily assists with the first 30 degrees of abduction of the shoulder?
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What is the position of the clavicle in its horizontal orientation?
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Which structure passes through the subacromial space and is associated with potential impingement?
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What is the axis of rotation during shoulder flexion above 90 degrees?
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What is a key function of the ligaments associated with the glenohumeral (GH) joint?
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Which structure is located at the inferior border of the teres major muscle?
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What is the relationship of the inferior border of the scapula to the thoracic vertebrae?
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What is the primary effect of a cerebellar stroke on movement?
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Study Notes
The Back
-
Spinal Nerves
- Posterior (Dorsal) Rami innervate deep back muscles like the erector spinae.
- Longissimus Lumborum is innervated by the T1 spinal nerve.
-
Muscles
- Splenius Capitis extends from the head down to approximately T3.
- Semispinalis Capitis extends lower than Splenius Capitis.
- Iliocostalis is most likely to cause spinal rotation due to its position.
-
Posture and Kyphosis
- Kyphosis is characterized by a forward head posture, protruding mandible.
- Poor posture can lead to:
-
Elongation:
- Latissimus dorsi
- Rhomboids
-
Shortening:
- Splenius Cervicis
- Suboccipital triangle muscles
- Pectoralis Major
- Internal rotators of the shoulder
- Rotator cuff muscles
-
Elongation:
-
Rotator Cuff Muscles
-
Internal Rotators:
- Subscapularis
- Infraspinatus
- Supraspinatus (important for humeral head stability)
-
External Rotators:
- Teres Minor
-
Internal Rotators:
-
Cervical Spine Anatomy
- Vertebrae: Have transverse foramina for the vertebral artery.
- Deepest Muscles: Suboccipital triangle muscles.
- The suboccipital triangle also contains the suboccipital nerve and vertebral artery.
- Deterioration of cervical vertebrae can interrupt blood flow to the brain, causing balance issues in elderly individuals.
- The vertebral artery arises from the subclavian artery.
Spine Ligaments
- Supraspinous Ligament: Fuses with the Ligamentum Nuchae at T1.
- Intertransverse Ligaments: Limit lateral flexion on the same side (ipsilateral). If direction is specified, limit lateral flexion on the opposite side (contralateral).
- Interspinous Ligament: Limits extension.
-
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament:
- Fuses with the Ligamentum Flavum.
- Limits flexion.
-
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament:
- Limits extension.
Arthrokinematics
-
Vertebral Movement:
- Flexion: Vertebrae move closer anteriorly.
- Flexion: Lamina move apart.
- Arthrokinematics of the Spine: Understand the facet orientation and movements in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine.
-
Open Chain Cervical Spine:
-
Occiput on C1:
- Flexion: Anterior roll, posterior glide
- Extension: Posterior roll, anterior glide
-
Occiput on C1:
Biomechanics
-
Intradiscal Pressure:
- Least: Lying flat on the back.
- Greatest: Holding a box with straight legs and rounded back.
- Torque: Increased moment arm leads to increased torque.
-
Quadratus Lumborum:
- Connects to the pelvis, lumbar spine, and lower ribs.
- Plays a role in hip hiking.
-
Psoas Major:
- Connects to the lumbar spine (bodies of L1-L5 and transverse processes).
- Can contribute to back pain.
- Erector Spinae: Helps with spinal stability and mobility.
Shoulder
- Subacromial Space: Contains Supraspinatus, biceps long head tendon, and bursa - potential areas of impingement.
-
Spaces:
- Quadrangular:
- Triangular:
- Triangular Interval:
- Brachial Plexus: Roots to terminal branches innervate the muscles of the upper limb, including the triceps brachii via the radial nerve.
- Supraspinatus: Initiates the first 30 degrees of abduction.
-
Landmarks:
- Inferior border of scapula: T7
- Spine of scapula: T3
-
Axillary Artery:
- Extends from the subclavian artery after the first rib.
- Part 2 of the axillary artery is covered by the pectoralis minor.
- Becomes the brachial artery at the inferior border of the teres major.
Scapulothoracic Joint
-
Orientation of Proximal Clavicle:
- Vertical: Convex on concavity
- Horizontal: Concavity on convexity
- Shoulder Flexion/Abduction Above 90 Degrees: Posterior roll of the humerus.
Ligaments of the Shoulder
- AC Joint Ligaments: Limit separation of the clavicle.
-
Ligaments at the Coracoid Process:
- Trapezoid Ligament:
- Conoid Ligament:
- Another ligament (not specified)
-
Glenohumeral Joint Ligaments:
- Function to stabilize the joint.
- Contribute to force couples.
Nervous System
- Vestibulospinal Tract: Contributes to balance (lateral tract).
- Reflexes: Understand upper and lower motor unit contributions and the mechanism of reflexes.
- Brain and Cerebellum: Understand their roles in movement, especially the cerebellum's role in coordination.
- Cerebellar Stroke: Can cause poor coordination and difficulty with balance.
Key Concepts
- Understand the concepts of:
- Protraction, retraction, supination, pronation
- Muscles used in specific movements
- Planes of motion
- Axis of rotation
- Anatomical position
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the back, including spinal nerves, muscles, and common postural issues like kyphosis. This quiz covers the functions and positions of key muscle groups and their impact on posture. Prepare to deepen your understanding of back anatomy and related conditions.
