World Literature Reviewer PDF

WORLD LITERATURE REVIEWER and analyze critically so that one could come up with an informed What is Literature opinion. Literature is important to people To widen experience...

WORLD LITERATURE REVIEWER and analyze critically so that one could come up with an informed What is Literature opinion. Literature is important to people To widen experience because it brings truth, happiness, Experience, as it is said, is the best history, culture and beliefs, and the teacher. By reading these literary satisfaction that we humans are texts,readers get to experience capable of, traveling through our the things which they have not minds in dreams. encountered before. Literature is derived from the Latin term "littera," which means Values Derived from Literature "letters." Intellectual - how a particular It is the enduring expression of work is presented and the basic significant human experiences truths realized. in words well-arranged. Emotional - the personal appeal made to the reader. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Aesthetic - concerns the beauty introduced the concept of enclosed in a particular literary Weltliteratur - "world literature" - work. in 1827 to describe the growing Didactic - imparts moral aspects availability of literary texts from that bring improvement in the other nations. customs and norms of society. Karl Marx Functional - defines the use of used the term in his Communist literature. Manifesto in 1847 to describe the "cosmopolitan character" of Literary Standards bourgeois literary production. Artistry - appeals to the sense of beauty. Aims of Literature Intellectual value - enriches To inspire and uplift taste mental activity. A person gets to appreciate a Suggestiveness - moves and literary work if it would inspire stirs the feelings and him to become a better person. imagination. He/she is able to realize certain Spiritual value - elevates the values and virtues essential for spirit. living. Permanence - literary text can be To read for pleasure repeated for its lasting existence. Reading is a very good pastime Universality - a literary piece is because one could learn a lot timeless and timely. from it. This activity enhances Style - the unique way a writer people’s perspective and thereby sees life, forms, and ideas. enables them to think rationally Literary Genres Literature, in the west, originated Fiction - narrative literary work in the southern Mesopotamia whose content is produced by region of Sumer (c. 3200) in the the imagination and is not city of Uruk and flourished in necessarily based on fact. Egypt, Nonfiction - short literary Later in Greece (the written word composition that reflects the having been imported there from author's outlook or point of the Phoenicians) and from there, view. to Rome. Writing seems to have originated Ingredients of Literature independently in China from These refer to the very important aspects divination practices and also in a literary work that writers must adhere independently in Mesoamerica to. and elsewhere. Form The first author of literature in It is a verbal and artistic the world, known by name, was structuring of ideas in any the high-priestess of Ur, literary piece. It may be in the Enheduanna (2285-2250 BCE) form of stanzas, rhyme, meter for who wrote hymns in praise of poetry. the Sumerian goddess Inanna. Subject Much of the early literature from Any work of literature is about Mesopotamia concerns the something, and for this reason, it activities of the gods has a subject. It usually refers but, in time, humans came to be to a person or idea, events, and featured as the main characters human condition or system of in such poems as Enmerkar and value in which the topic of the the Lord of Aratta and poem deals with it. Lugalbanda and Mount Hurrum Point of View (c.2600- 2000 BCE) (Mark, 2009). This is referred to as the angle of vision of the narrator – first According to Rodil, Cuntapay, person, omniscient, modified Lusito, & Garay (2014), literature omniscient, etc. began as soon as the different forms of writing were invented History of Literature by the early people who put into Mark (2009) stated that literature writing everything that they have is the written work of a specific observed in their surroundings. culture, subculture, religion, philosophy or the study of such written work which may appear in poetry or in prose.  Among the early forms of ○ Classical Greek Period handwriting are: (800 – 200 BCE) Cuneiform ○ Classical Roman Period ○ a form of writing made up (200 BCE-455 CE) of wedge-shaped ○ India’s Classical Age characters. Patristic Period (c. 70 CE-455 CE) Hieroglyphics ○ picture writing seen in The Medieval Period some pyramids found in ○ The Old English Egypt and in other ancient (Anglo-Saxon) Period countries. (428-1066 CE) Further development took place ○ China’s Middle Period when the Greeks and the people ○ The Golden Age of from Phoenicia invented the Japanese Culture alphabet. It made up of: ○ Mystical Poetry of India Phoenician Consonant ○ The Middle English Period Scripts + Greek Vowels = (c. 1066-1450 CE) Real Alphabet The Renaissance and Timeline of Literature Reformation These periods are spans of time in which (The Renaissance takes place in the late literature shared intellectual, linguistic, 15th, 16th, and early 17th century in religious, and artistic influences. In the Britain, but somewhat earlier in Italy and Western tradition, the early periods of Southern Europe, somewhat later in literary history are roughly as follows: northern Europe.) Africa: The Mali Epic of Ancient Periods (Beginnings to 100 Son-Jara A.D.) Native America and Invention of Writing and Earliest Europe in the New World Literature Early Tudor Period Poetry and Thought in China (1485-1558) India’s Heroic Age Elizabethan Period The Roman Empire (1558-1603) Roman Empire – Christian Jacobean Period Europe (100 A.D. – 1500) (1603-1625) Caroline Age (1625-1649) Timeline of Literature - Early Periods Commonwealth Period or The Classical Period Puritan Interregnum ○ Homeric or Heroic Period (1649-1660) (1200 – 800 BCE) Vernacular Literature China  The Ottoman Empire World Wars led to new experimentation. Timeline of Literature - Later Periods Postmodern Period (c. 1945 The Enlightenment Onward) (Neoclassical) ○ T. S. Eliot, Morrison, Shaw, ○ called the “Enlightenment” Beckett, Stoppard, Fowles, due to the increased Calvino, Ginsberg, reverence for logic and Pynchon, and other disdain for superstition. Modern writers, poets, ○ Restoration Period (c. and playwrights 1660-1700) experiment with ○ The Augustan Age (c. metafiction and 1700-1750) fragmented poetry. ○ The Rise of Popular Arts ○ Multiculturalism leads to in Pre-modern Japan increasing canonization of Romantic Period (c. 1790-1830) non-Caucasian writers such ○ Romantic poets write about as Langston Hughes, nature, imagination, and Sandra Cisneros, and Zora individuality in England. Neal Hurston. Magic Victorian Period and the 19th Realists such as Gabriel Century (c. 1832-1901) García Márquez, Luis ○ Writing during the period of Borges, Alejo Carpentier, Queen Victoria's reign Günter Grass, and Salman includes sentimental novels. Rushdie flourish with ○ The end of the Victorian surrealistic writings Period is marked by embroidered in the Intellectual movements of conventions of realism. Aestheticism and "the ○ Magic Realists such as Decadence" in the Gabriel García Márquez, writings of Walter Pater Luis Borges, Alejo and Oscar Wilde. Carpentier, Günter Grass, Modern Period (c. 1914-1945) and Salman Rushdie ○ famous writers of The Lost flourish with surrealistic Generation (also called the writings embroidered in the writers of The Jazz Age, conventions of realism. 1914-1929) such as Hemingway, Stein, Critical Approaches to the Study of Fitzgerald, and Faulkner. Literature ○ Realism is the dominant There are different perspectives we fashion, but the consider when looking at a piece of disillusionment with the literature. What do we read?  Why do we read? It examines how characters' wealth How do we read? or poverty influences their actions and the story's message. Critical Approaches to the Study of New criticism Literature It is a way to analyze literature by Deconstruction focusing only on the text itself. It suggests that language is not It looks at things like irony, a stable entity and that we can metaphor, symbols, and plot never exactly say what we mean. details without considering the Therefore, literature cannot give a author's life or historical reader any single meaning, context. because the language itself is The goal is to understand how simply too ambiguous. these elements work together to ○ Literal Meaning create meaning in the text through At face value, this phrase very detailed examination. suggests that writing (the New historicism pen) is more powerful. It is a way of understanding ○ Contradiction literature by looking at the time What if the pen is only it was written and how that /"mightier" in some history affects the story. situations, like influencing It also considers how people today opinions, but in others, like read and understand the book in direct combat, the sword based on their own time and is clearly more powerful? experiences. ○ Ambiguity It's about seeing a book as part of What exactly does its historical background and how "mightier" mean? Power its meaning might change over can be interpreted in many time. ways—-political influence, Psychological criticism physical strength, emotional The analysis of the author's impact, etc. unintended message. Feminist criticism The main idea is to see how the This tries to correct a author's early life and predominantly male-dominated unconscious thoughts influence critical perspective with a the characters and themes in feminist consciousness. their work. Marxist criticism Queer theory or gender studies It analyzes literature and It looks at how gender identity examines how social class and and sexual orientation are money affect how stories are represented in literature. told and understood. It questions traditional ideas about gender and sexuality.  For example, it examines Narrator characters who are transgender A person who tells the story. and explores how these Narrative method experiences are depicted in books The manner in which a narrative and other text is presented comprising plot Reader-response criticism and setting. It removes the focus from the text Dialogue and places it on the reader instead, Where characters of a narrative by attempting to describe what speak to one another. goes on in the reader's mind during Conflict the reading of a text. It is an issue in a narrative An example of a reader's around which the whole story response is an essay, an revolves. analysis, or a critique of a piece Mood of writing, such as a short story, A general atmosphere of a novel, or poem. narrative. Theme Literary Devices It is the central idea or concept The literary devices are a of a story. collection of universal artistic structures that are so typical of Literary Techniques all works of literature frequently on the contrary, are structures usually a employed by the writers to give words or phrases in literary texts that meanings and a logical writers employ to achieve not merely framework to their works artistic ends but also readers a greater through language. understanding and appreciation of their literary works. Literary Elements Examples are: metaphor, simile, Plot alliteration, hyperbole, allegory It is the logical sequence of etc. In contrast to Literary events that develops a story. Elements, Literary Techniques are Setting not an unavoidable aspect of It refers to the time and place in literary works. which a story takes place. Common Literary Techniques Protagonist Imagery It is the main character of story, It is the use of figurative language novel or a play e.g. Hamlet in the to create visual representations play Hamlet of actions, objects and ideas in Antagonist our mind in such a way that they It is the character in conflict with appeal to our physical senses. the Protagonist e.g. Claudius in EXAMPLE the play Hamlet  ○ The room was dark and ○ She sells seashells at gloomy. -The words “dark” seashore. and “gloomy” are visual Allegory images. It is a literary technique in which ○ The river was roaring in the an abstract idea is given a form mountains. – The word of characters, actions. “roaring” appeals to our EXAMPLE: sense of hearing. ○ “Animal Farm”, written by Simile and Metaphor George Orwell, is an Both compare two distinct objects example allegory using the and draw similarity between them. actions of animals on a farm The difference is that Simile uses to represent the overthrow “as” or “like” and Metaphor of the last of the Russian does not. Tsar Nicholas II and the EXAMPLE: Communist Revolution of ○ “My love is like a red red Russia before WW II. In rose” (Simile) addition, the actions of the ○ He is a very cunning old animals on the farm are fox. (Metaphor) used to expose the greed Hyperbole: and corruption It is deliberate exaggeration of Irony actions and ideas for the sake of It is use of the words in such a way emphasis. in which the intended meaning is EXAMPLE completely opposite to their ○ Your bag weighs a ton! literal meaning. ○ I have got a million issues EXAMPLE: to look after! ○ The bread is soft as a Personification stone. It gives a thing, an idea or an ○ So nice of you to break my animal human qualities. new PSP! EXAMPLE: Foreshadowing ○ The flowers are dancing It is a literary device in which a beside the lake. writer gives an advance hint of ○ Have you see my new car? what is to come later in the She is a real beauty! story. Alliteration EXAMPLE: It refers to the same consonant ○ Shakespeare’s “Romeo and sounds in words coming Juliet” is rich with together. foreshadowing examples. EXAMPLE: One of which is the ○ Better butter always makes following lines from Act 2, the batter better. Scene 2:  “Life were better ended by their hate, Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love” Flashback It is a literary device in a story that provides some background information on events, situations, or a character’s past history; Symbolism It is usually an object that represents an idea that is significantly deeper, although it is sometimes a word, event or deed. EXAMPLE: ○ Black is used to represent death or evil. ○ White stands for life and purity. ○ Red can symbolize blood, passion, danger, or immoral character.