Arellano University Lecture Notes on World Literature (Poetry, Prose, and Drama) PDF

ARELLANO UNIVERSITY Andres Bonifacio Campus Pag-asa St., Caniogan, Pasig City, 1604 **GCAS-14 WORLD LITERATURE** **Wednesday& Friday 530-830PM** **LECTURE ON POETRY, PROSE, AND DRAMA)** **EXAMPLES OF POETRY** Poetry is a form of literary expression characterized using rhythmic and metaphorica...

ARELLANO UNIVERSITY Andres Bonifacio Campus Pag-asa St., Caniogan, Pasig City, 1604 **GCAS-14 WORLD LITERATURE** **Wednesday& Friday 530-830PM** **LECTURE ON POETRY, PROSE, AND DRAMA)** **EXAMPLES OF POETRY** Poetry is a form of literary expression characterized using rhythmic and metaphorical language, often employing various literary devices such as imagery, symbolism, and sound devices. It is a condensed and imaginative use of words to evoke emotions, convey experiences, or communicate ideas in a way that transcends ordinary language. 1. Haiku: - Definition: A traditional Japanese form consisting of three lines with a 5-7-5 syllable count. - Example: *An old silent pond (5)* *A frog jumps into the pond--- (7)* *Splash! Silence again. (5)* 2. Sonnet: - Definition: A 14-line poem, typically written in iambic pentameter, with various rhyme schemes (e.g., Shakespearean or Petrarchan). - Example: *Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? (A)* *Thou art more lovely and more temperate: (B)* *Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, (A)* *And summer's lease hath all too short a date. (B)* 3. Limerick: - Definition: A humorous poem consisting of five lines with a specific meter and rhyme scheme (AABBA). - Example: *There once was a man from Peru (A)* *Whose favorite color was blue (A)* *He painted his walls (B)* *And all of his halls (B)* *In hopes that his guests would feel too! (A)* 4. Free Verse: - Definition: Poetry that does not follow a specific rhyme scheme, meter, or structure. - Example: *I celebrate myself, and sing myself, (Walt Whitman)* *And what I assume you shall assume,* *For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.* 5. Epic Poetry: - Definition: A lengthy narrative poem that tells the adventures of a hero and often reflects the cultural values of a society. - Example: Homer's "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey." 6. Ballad: - Definition: A narrative poem often set to music, telling a story in short stanzas with a regular rhyme scheme. - Example: *"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.* 7. Concrete (or Visual) Poetry: - Definition: Poems in which the arrangement of words on the page contributes to the overall meaning and visual impact. - Example: 8. Acrostic: - Definition: A poem in which the first letter of each line spells out a word or message when read vertically. - Example: *Sunset fades on the distant hill (S)* *Orange and pink in the sky (U)* *Now the stars begin to appear (N)* *Setting the world aglow (S)* *Ephemeral beauty, a tranquil goodbye €* 9. Ode: - Definition: A lyrical poem expressing deep feelings of reverence or admiration, often addressed to a person or an abstract concept. - Example: *"Ode to a Nightingale" by John Keats.* 10. Villanelle: - Definition: A 19-line poem with a specific structure, consisting of five tercets followed by a final quatrain, using only two rhymes and repeating two of the lines throughout. - Example: *Do not go gentle into that good night (A)* *Old age should burn and rave at close of day (B)* *Rage, rage against the dying of the light (A)* *(From "Do not go gentle into that good night" by Dylan Thomas)* **Key characteristics of poetry include:** **Meter and Rhythm**: Many poems have a specific meter or rhythmic pattern, created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. This rhythmic quality contributes to the musicality of poetry. **Rhyme**: Poems often use rhyme, where the end sounds of words correspond, creating a musical and memorable quality. However, not all poems rhyme; free verse, for example, doesn\'t adhere to a strict rhyme scheme. **Imagery:** Poets frequently use vivid and sensory language to create mental images, appealing to the reader\'s senses and emotions. This imagery enhances the reader\'s experience and understanding of the poem. **Figures of Speech** is a device that uses words and expressions as ornaments of language to enhance force, beauty and vividness of expression. **Structure**: Poems can have various structures, including specific forms like sonnets, haikus, or villanelles, as well as free verse. The arrangement of lines, stanzas, and the use of line breaks contribute to the overall structure and impact of the poem. **Emotional and Expressive Language**: Poetry often conveys emotions, thoughts, and experiences in a highly condensed and expressive manner. The use of evocative language helps to create a strong emotional connection with the reader. **Symbolism**: Poets frequently use symbols to represent abstract ideas or concepts, allowing for layers of interpretation and meaning within the poem. **Sound Devices**: Poets pay attention to the sounds of language, using devices such as alliteration, assonance, and consonance to create auditory effects that enhance the musicality and rhythm of the poem. **EXAMPLES OF PROSE** **Prose** refers to written or spoken language that follows natural language patterns and lacks a metrical structure, as opposed to poetry. 1. Novel: - Definition: A long work of fiction that tells a complex story involving multiple characters and usually explores various themes. - Example: *\"To Kill a Mockingbird\" by Harper Lee.* 2. Short Story: - Definition: a piece of fiction that has unity of impression that can be read in single sitting, and is moving, exciting and amusing. - Example: *\"The Lottery\" by Shirley Jackson.* 3. Essay: - Definition: A short non-fictional work that presents an author\'s perspective on a specific topic or explores a particular theme. - Example: *\"Self-Reliance\" by Ralph Waldo Emerson.* 4. Biography: - Definition: A written account of a person\'s life, often focusing on significant events, achievements, and personal experiences. - Example: *\"The Diary of Anne Frank\" by Anne Frank (autobiographical).* 5. Autobiography: - Definition: A narrative of a person\'s life written by that person. - Example: *\"The Story of My Experiments with Truth\" by Mahatma Gandhi.* 6. Memoir: - Definition: A form of autobiography that focuses on specific memories, experiences, or periods in the author\'s life. - Example: *\"Angela\'s Ashes\" by Frank McCourt.* 7. Historical Fiction: - Definition: Fictional stories set against a historical backdrop, incorporating real historical events, figures, or settings. - Example: *\"The Book Thief\" by Markus Zusak.* 8. Science Fiction: - Definition: Fictional works that explore speculative or futuristic concepts, often involving advanced technology, space exploration, or alternative realities. - Example: *\"Dune\" by Frank Herbert.* 9. Fantasy: - Definition: Fictional works featuring magical elements, supernatural creatures, or imaginary worlds. - Example: *\"The Hobbit\" by J.R.R. Tolkien.* 10. Mystery: - Definition: Prose that revolves around solving a crime, often featuring a detective or investigator as the main character. - Example: *\"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\" by Arthur Conan Doyle.* 11. Thriller: - Definition: Prose designed to create suspense and excitement, often involving danger, crime, or intense situations. - Example: *\"The Da Vinci Code\" by Dan Brown.* 12. Satire: - Definition: Prose that uses humor, irony, or ridicule to criticize and mock people, society, or politics. - Example: *\"Animal Farm\" by George Orwell.* 13. Speech: - Definition: A spoken oration intended for an audience, addressing a specific topic or issue. - Example: Famous speeches such as Martin Luther King Jr.\'s \"I Have a Dream\" speech. 14. Travelogue: - Definition: Prose that recounts the author\'s experiences and observations during travel. - Example: *\"A Walk in the Woods\" by Bill Bryson.* 15. Play: - Definition: A form of literature written for performance on the stage, with dialogue, characters, and a plot. - Example: *\"Romeo and Juliet\" by William Shakespeare.* **EXAMPLES OF DRAMA** **Drama** is a genre of literature and performing arts that presents a story through dialogue and performance, typically involving conflicts and emotions experienced by characters. 1. Tragedy: - Definition: A serious and often somber play that depicts the downfall of a noble character due to a tragic flaw or external circumstances. - Example: *\"Macbeth\" by William Shakespeare.* 2. Comedy: - Definition: A humorous play with a happy ending, often involving misunderstandings, mistaken identities, and witty dialogue. - Example: *\"Much Ado About Nothing\" by William Shakespeare.* 3. Farce: - Definition: A form of comedy characterized by exaggerated and improbable situations, physical humor, and absurdity. - Example: *\"The Importance of Being Earnest\" by Oscar Wilde.* 4. Drama of Ideas (Intellectual Drama): - Definition: A type of drama that focuses on exploring complex ideas, philosophical concepts, or social issues through the characters and their interactions. - Example: *\"A Man for All Seasons\" by Robert Bolt.* 5. Melodrama: - Definition: A sensational and often emotional play with exaggerated characters, clear-cut moral distinctions, and intense conflicts. - Example: *\"Uncle Tom\'s Cabin\" by Harriet Beecher Stowe.* 6. Historical Drama: - Definition: A play set in a specific historical period, often incorporating real historical figures and events. - Example: *\"Hamilton\" by Lin-Manuel Miranda.* 7. Absurdist Drama: - Definition: A type of drama that emphasizes the absurdity and meaninglessness of human existence, often using surreal or illogical elements. - Example: *\"Waiting for Godot\" by Samuel Beckett.* 8. Musical Drama: - Definition: A dramatic work that includes elements of both drama and music, often featuring songs and dances to enhance the storytelling. - Example: *\"Les Misérables\" by Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil.* 9. Mystery Play: - Definition: A type of drama that originated in medieval times, depicting biblical stories or religious themes. - Example: The medieval mystery plays depicting biblical events. 10. Romantic Drama: - Definition: A play that focuses on romantic relationships and often explores themes of love, passion, and heartbreak. - Example: *\"Romeo and Juliet\" by William Shakespeare.* 11. Political Drama: - Definition: A play that explores political themes, power struggles, and the impact of political decisions on individuals and society. - Example: *\"The Crucible\" by Arthur Miller.* 12. Social Drama: - Definition: A play that addresses social issues, inequalities, and the dynamics of human relationships within a societal context. - Example: *\"A Raisin in the Sun\" by Lorraine Hansberry.* DR. WILMA Q. DEL ROSARIO Professor